2018_澳洲_FRNSW_住宅用自动喷淋系统研究_火灾技术报告.pdf

8 Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 1

〔图〕NSWGOVERNMENT\n

Fire &

Rescue NSW

Fire research report

Residential Sprinkler Research

〔图〕插图 Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 2

Preface

This research report describes a study that investigated the performance and efficacy of two sprinkler system designs with respect to occupant tenability and safe egress in simulated residential fires. The study addresses a recommendation from the NSW Coroner's Court to provide a cost-effective and fit-for-purpose sprinkler system in all Class 2 and Class 3 buildings. For the purposes of this report, such systems are referred to as residential sprinkler systems.

Document ID: D17/78418

Document Authors: Kim Thai, SO Morgan Cook, AC Mark Whybro

Acknowledgements

Funding for this research was provided by Fire & Rescue New South Wales (FRNSW), with valuable support from CSIRO, Fire Protection Association Australia and AFAC.

The authors would also like to thank the following individuals and organisations who contributed their time, expertise, and technical and operational support to this project:

● All staff within the Fire Investigation & Research Unit (FIRU), FRNSW:

○ Research team: SO Morgan Cook, Pheo Duong, SF David O'Brien, Kim Thai, QF Michelle Engelsman, James Du, Maxwell Whybro

• Administration and Management: Diana Cornish, Superintendent Graham Kingsland, A/Superintendent Gary Williams

• Building, fabrication and operational support: SO Wayne Schweickle, QF, Timothy Garrett, SF Joel Walton, SF Bernard Daly, SO Phillip Etienne, Inspector Colin Eldridge, LSO Michael Forbes.

Document ID: D17/8418

Issued: 10 December 2017

• Community Safety Directorate and Fire Safety, FRNSW – Assistant Commissioner

Mark Whybro, Chief Superintendent Greg Buckley, Chief Superintendent Gregory

Wild, Assistant Commissioner Jeremy Fewtrell, Chief Superintendent Chris Lewis,

Superintendent Michael Ollerenshaw

• Fire Fighting Operational Training, FRNSW

• Media & Communications Unit, FRNSW

• CSIRO – Mr Mark Burgess, Mr Brett Roddy, Mr Alex Webb

• Mr John Clampett – John Clampett Consulting Pty Ltd

• Mr Bill Lea – IMEA Pty Ltd

• Mr Mark Cummings – Eclipse Fire Pty Ltd

• Mr Matthew Wright, Mr Scott Williams, Mr Shae Mete, Mr Brett Dundules and Mr Ian

Findlay, Fire Protection Association Australia

• Mr Garry Kwok – Tyco Fire Protection Products

• Mr David Isaac – Fire and Safety Technologies Pty Ltd

• Mr Frank Galea – Galea’s Engineering

• UNSW School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering

Executive Summary

Background

The focus of this fire research program was to undertake testing to support a Proposal for Change (PFC) to mandate fire sprinkler systems in the 2019 National Construction Code (NCC) for new Class 2 and Class 3 shared residential accommodation buildings up to 25 metres in effective height. The evidence gathered aims to deliver the life safety objectives of the NCC through the mandatory installation of fire sprinkler systems in a more reliable and cost-effective manner. This was recommended by NSW Deputy Coroner Hugh Dillon following the inquest into the death of Connie Zhang, the life-changing injuries to Ginger Jiang, and the inquiry into the 6 September 2012 fire at Unit 53, Tower B, 4 West Terrace, Bankstown, as follows:

To the Minister for Planning (NSW) and the General Manager of the Australian Building Codes Board (ABCB):

That the Department of Planning (NSW) and the ABCB conduct research (jointly or individually), in consultation with Fire & Rescue NSW and the Australasian Fire and Emergency Service Authorities Council, into the offsetting of costs associated with installing fit-for-purpose sprinkler systems in new Class 2 and 3 buildings through the possible reform of other fire safety requirements.

The research subsequently conducted by Fire & Rescue NSW, supported by Fire Protection Association Australia (FPA Australia), Australasian Fire and Emergency Service Authorities Council (AFAC) and CSIRO, is a direct response to this recommendation. The research program is based on the principle that automatic suppression in the form of fire sprinkler systems provides the most reliable form of life safety and should be mandated in all new Class 2 and Class 3 residential buildings in a cost-effective manner.

Methodology

The methods of analysis and evaluation included an extensive literature review which was undertaken by CSIRO, and the design of an adaptable, representative and re-usable live burn structure that was suitable for the testing of sprinkler systems in varying configurations, including that which reflected the floor layout of Unit 53, Tower B, 4 West Terrace, Bankstown. The tests were carried out at the CSIRO Reaction to Fire Laboratories in North Ryde, Sydney.

FRNSW and its research partners developed two fit-for-purpose sprinkler concepts for Class 2 and Class 3 buildings not more than 25 metres in effective height: one based on tapping from the domestic water supply and one based on tapping from the hydrant system.

The fire research testing program consisted of 14 full-scale ‘live’ burn events as a means of comparison between two cost-effective, efficient and reliable residential sprinkler systems. The two systems were individually designed by two separate sprinkler design and installation companies.

The sprinklers were installed inside a purpose-built ‘test assembly’ constructed from timber framing over which structural plywood was installed, then lined with 16mm fire-rated plasterboard on the walls and ceiling. Construction was typical in both materials and dimensions, including standard-sized windows and doors. The floorplan was in an incomplete full-scale replica of the Bankstown apartment.

The ‘Domestic’ system was based on water taken from the domestic supply and delivered in polyethylene piping in accordance with Australian Standard 2118.5 using standard sprinkler heads at industry (code) accepted spacings. The ‘Hydrant’ system was based on a dedicated supply of water taken from the hydrant using larger diameter metal piping in accordance with Australian Standard 2118.4 and using the same standard sprinkler heads and code accepted spacings.

Fire load within the structure consisted of ‘stylised’ furniture for the majority of tests with deviation from the stylised furniture amounting to a ‘kitchen’ fire using overheated cooking oil as the fire source. The stylised furniture consisted of 2 x 2 seater sofa frames made from mild steel. Six blocks of polyurethane were used as the sofa cushions for each test. Included in the stylised furniture was a small side table and a larger coffee sized table. On top of each table was fixed a matching sheet of plywood as an added fuel load.

A bedroom fire was included in the testing regime using the same stylised furniture used in the 11 living room fires.

The fuel load was generally placed in the corner of the living room, and included a small wooden crib on top of a small tray of heptane as the area of ignition. The fire was started with a propane burner.

Test Results

The results of the 13 sprinklered tests revealed a consistency in sprinkler activation times and temperature at the time of activation.

In relation to the effects of sprinklers on heat and atmospheric tenability, sprinklers had a significant effect on both aspects within the structure.

Aside from time to sprinkler activation and spray patterns, a focus on temperature and atmospheric tenability was important. Sprinkler heads operated effectively and as expected in all tests.

In a non-sprinklered benchmark burn of the test apartment, the toxicity limit (Fractional Effective Dose (FEDasp) of 0.3 – one of the agreed tenability criteria – was reached at 3 minutes 50 seconds in the bedroom with the bedroom door closed, while temperatures likely to result in flashover (918°C at ceiling height above the ignition point) were achieved in 3 minutes 42 seconds.

By comparison, during the sprinklered tests: the sprinklers successfully operated in all tests; the peak temperatures were all well below flashover; and the highest temperature reached was 372°C at ceiling height above the ignition point. A toxicity level of FEDasp 0.3 was not achieved until an earliest mark of 14 min 42 s in the closed bedroom.

The other agreed tenability criterion – a temperature above 65°C at 1.6 metre height – was not exceeded significantly in all but one test. In all tests, 65°C was not exceeded at 1 metre.

Recommendations

Based on the results of tests undertaken in this fire research program and within the limitations of the number and type of scenarios tested, it is clear the activation of automatic fire sprinklers significantly improves the tenability of occupants in the event of a fire. The improvement in temperatures and atmospheric toxicity also significantly improves conditions for firefighters, resulting in a safer operating environment at the time of fire brigade intervention. It is therefore recommended that:

1. The two tested concept designs be finalised and used to support a Proposal for Change to the 2019 National Construction Code that mandates sprinklers in new Class 2 and Class 3 shared residential accommodation buildings up to 25 metres in effective height.

1. Further fire research be undertaken by FRNSW and its research partners to develop and test cost-effective and reliable sprinkler systems for application in other residential structures, particularly Class 1 buildings.

1. Develop and implement a public education program to reinforce the “Get out, stay out, call Triple Zero (000)” message as pertaining to sprinklered homes.

Table of Contents

Preface ................................................................................................................................. 2

Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................... 2

Executive Summary .............................................................................................................. 4

Table of Contents .................................................................................................................. 8

List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... 10

List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... 13

1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 15

1. 1 Literature review by CSIRO ............................................................................................ 16

1. 2 Test structure design ...................................................................................................... 17

1. 3 Sprinkler system designs ............................................................................................... 20

1. 4 Insurance survey ............................................................................................................ 22

1. 5 Test scenarios ................................................................................................................ 22

1. MATERIALS AND METHODS ...................................................................................... 23

1. 1 Fire ignition and extinguishment ..................................................................................... 23

1. 2 Fuel packages and test materials................................................................................... 24

1. 3 Performance criteria ....................................................................................................... 24

1. 4 Instrumentation ............................................................................................................... 25

1. 5 Data analysis .................................................................................................................. 26

1. 6 Study limitations ............................................................................................................. 26

1. RESULTS .................................................................................................................... 27

1. 1 Test 1: UL-based corner test, Domestic system, Ventilated .......................................... 27

1. 2 Test 2: UL-based corner test, Hydrant system, Ventilated ............................................ 32

1. 3 Test 3: Lounge centre test, Domestic system, Ventilated, Stylised furniture ................. 38

1. 4 Test 4: UL-based corner test, Domestic system, Ventilated, Stylised furniture ............. 44

1. 5 Test 5: Corner test, Hydrant system, Non-ventilated, Stylised furniture ........................ 50

1. 6 Test 6: Corner test, Domestic system, Non-ventilated, Stylised furniture ...................... 55

1. 7 ............................................................................................................................................ 62

Test 7: Corner test, Domestic system, Non-ventilated, Stylised furniture, Bedroom door open

................................................................................................................................................. 62

1. 8 Test 8: Bedroom test, Domestic system, Non-ventilated, Stylised furniture .................. 68

1. 9 Test 9: Kitchen oil fire, Domestic system, Non-ventilated, Bedroom door open ............ 74

1. 10 Test 10: Corner test, Hydrant system, Non-ventilated, Real furniture ......................... 79

1. 11 Test 11: Corner test, Domestic system, Non-ventilated, Real furniture ....................... 86

1. 12 Test 12: Corner test, Domestic system, Ventilated, Stylised furniture, Bedroom door open 92

1. 13 Test 13: Corner test, Domestic system, Non-ventilated, Real furniture, Bedroom door open 98

1. 14 Test 14: Corner test, No sprinklers, Ventilated, Real furniture and furnishings, Bedroom

door closed ............................................................................................................................ 104

4 SUMMARY .................................................................................................................. 110

1. 1 Overall results............................................................................................................... 110

1. 2 General comments ....................................................................................................... 112

5 RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................... 115

6 REFERENCES............................................................................................................ 116

APPENDIX A Tenability Criteria ........................................................................................ 117

A.1 Smoke/gas toxicity ................................................................................................... 117

A.2 Heat tenability .......................................................................................................... 118

APPENDIX B Sprinkler head specifications ...................................................................... 119

APPENDIX C Data Tables ................................................................................................ 124

Document ID: D17/8418

Document ID: D17/8418

References

References

Figure 68 View of the test fire before sprinkler activation .................................................... 89

Figure 69 View of the test furnishings at the end of Test 11 ................................................ 89

Figure 70 Sprinkler head activation times and temperatures for Test 11 ............................. 90

Figure 71 Chart showing timing of activations and tenability factors for Test 11 .................. 91

Figure 72 Photo showing the test arrangement for Test 12 ................................................. 93

Figure 73 Map showing the Test 12 arrangement ............................................................... 94

Figure 74 View of the test fire before sprinkler activation .................................................... 95

Figure 75 View of the test furnishings at the end of Test 12 ................................................ 95

Figure 76 Sprinkler head activation times and temperatures for Test 12 ............................. 96

Figure 77 Chart showing timing of activations and tenability factors for Test 12 .................. 97

Figure 78 Photo showing the test arrangement for Test 13 ................................................. 99

Figure 79 Map showing the Test 13 arrangement ............................................................. 100

Figure 80 View of the test fire before sprinkler activation .................................................. 101

Figure 81 View of the test furnishings at the end of Test 13 .............................................. 101

Figure 82 Sprinkler head activation times and temperatures for Test 13 ........................... 102

Figure 83 Chart showing timing of activations and tenability factors for Test 13 ................ 103

Figure 84 Photo showing the test arrangement for Test 13 ............................................... 105

Figure 85 Map showing the Test 14 arrangement ............................................................. 106

Figure 86 Views of the developing test fire. Note the height of the smoke layer. ............... 107

Figure 87 View of the test furnishings at the end of Test 14 .............................................. 107

Figure 88 Chart showing timing of activations and tenability factors for Test 14 ................ 108

List of Tables

Table 1 Sprinkler test configurations ................................................................................... 23

Table 2 Tenability criteria observed in the test program ...................................................... 25

Table 3 Atmospheric conditions (Mean (S.D.)) internal to the unit pre-test, and external to the

unit during Test 1. ............................................................................................................... 27

Table 4 Summary of Test 1 event timings ........................................................................... 31

Table 5 Atmospheric conditions (Mean (S.D.)) internal to the unit pre-test, and external to the

unit during Test 2. ............................................................................................................... 32

Table 6 Summary of Test 2 event timings ........................................................................... 37

Table 7 Atmospheric conditions (Mean (S.D.)) internal to the unit pre-test, and external to the

unit during Test 3. ............................................................................................................... 38

Table 8 Summary of Test 3 event timings ........................................................................... 43

Table 9 Atmospheric conditions (Mean (S.D.)) internal to the unit pre-test, and external to the

unit during Test 4. ............................................................................................................... 44

Table 10 Summary of Test 4 event timings ......................................................................... 49

Table 11 Atmospheric conditions (Mean (S.D.)) internal to the unit pre-test, and external to the

unit during Test 5. ............................................................................................................... 50

Table 12 Summary of Test 5 event timings ......................................................................... 54

Table 13 Atmospheric conditions (Mean (S.D.)) internal to the unit pre-test, and external to the

unit during Test 6. ............................................................................................................... 55

Table 14 Summary of Test 6 event timings ......................................................................... 61

Table 15 Atmospheric conditions (Mean (S.D.)) internal to the unit pre-test, and external to the

unit during Test 7. ............................................................................................................... 62

Table 16 Summary of Test 7 event timings ......................................................................... 67

Table 17 Atmospheric conditions (Mean (S.D.)) internal to the unit pre-test, and external to the

unit during Test 8. ............................................................................................................... 68

Table 18 Summary of Test 8 event timings ......................................................................... 73

Table 19 Atmospheric conditions (Mean (S.D.)) internal to the unit pre-test, and external to the

unit during Test 9. ............................................................................................................... 74

Table 20 Summary of Test 9 event timings ......................................................................... 79

Table 21 Atmospheric conditions (Mean (S.D.)) internal to the unit pre-test, and external to the

unit during Test 10. ............................................................................................................. 80

Table 22 Summary of Test 10 event timings ....................................................................... 86

Table 23 Atmospheric conditions (Mean (S.D.)) internal to the unit pre-test, and external to the

unit during Test 11. ............................................................................................................. 86

Table 24 Summary of Test 11 event timings ....................................................................... 92

Table 25 Atmospheric conditions (Mean (S.D.)) internal to the unit pre-test, and external to the

unit during Test 12. ............................................................................................................. 93

Table 26 Summary of Test 12 event timings ....................................................................... 98

Table 27 Atmospheric conditions (Mean (S.D.)) internal to the unit pre-test, and external to the

unit during Test 13. ............................................................................................................. 98

Table 28 Summary of Test 13 event timings ..................................................................... 104

Table 29 Atmospheric conditions (Mean (S.D.)) internal to the unit pre-test, and external to the

unit during Test 14. ........................................................................................................... 104

Table 30 Summary of Test 14 event timings ..................................................................... 109

1. INTRODUCTION

As a result of a tragic unit fire in Bankstown, NSW in September 2012, the NSW Coroner’s Court (Dillon, 2012) recommended that the NSW Department of Planning and Environment and the Australian Building Codes Board (ABCB), in consultation with Fire and Rescue NSW (FRNSW), find avenues to provide a cost effective and fit-for-purpose sprinkler system in new Class 2 and Class 3 buildings, i.e. commercial residential accommodation and multi-unit complexes. A task group was established to undertake a research project to address the recommendations. It included:

• Mr John Clampett, Consultant

• Fire & Rescue New South Wales (FRNSW)

• The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)

• Mr Bill Lea – IMEA Pty Ltd

• Mr Mark Cummings – Eclipse Fire Pty Ltd

The objective of the research was to develop a fire sprinkler system that is cost effective (ideally cost neutral) and is suitable for installation into residential buildings (apartments, flats, hotels etc.) up to 25 metres in effective height, which are classified as Class 2 and Class 3 buildings in the Building Code of Australia or National Construction Code (NCC). The 25-metre height benchmark is stipulated in the NCC, with some limited variances, as the level from which sprinklers are mandatorily installed in buildings. There are numerous, and an everincreasing number, of residential projects that are below 25 metres in effective height.

The project consisted of several stages, including:

1. A literature review undertaken by the CSIRO.

1. The design of an adaptable, representative and re-burnable test structure suitable for testing the sprinkler systems at the fire testing facility at CSIRO in North Ryde, NSW.

1. The design of two cost-effective, efficient and reliable residential sprinkler systems.

1. A survey of insurance companies to determine savings/cost offsets if a sprinkler system is installed when not required. Included in this is a development of a suitable design fire and a performance bench mark.

1. Development of a testing methodology/regime for testing the performance of the alternative sprinkler options.

1. The undertaking of an initial test burn program by FRNSW consisting of 14 tests at the CSIRO North Ryde facility.

This report details the results of the initial test program completed in February–May 2017.

Literature review by CSIRO

CSIRO undertook a review of the available literature (Abraham & Webb, 2017) to determine what work has already been undertaken in this area. The review added to the body of knowledge of the task group, prevented repetition of work, determined what additional testing is required, and helped to design a suitable test program to demonstrate an acceptable level of fire safety which would be achieved within the building in adopting a low-cost sprinkler system.

The scope covered:

• Review of current test methods for sprinkler approvals.

• Review of experimental fire tests for sprinkler effectiveness.

• Review of fire loads for residential occupancies.

• The change in fire loads in residential occupancies over time.

• Work done on stylised fire scenarios and fuel configurations.

• Review and modelling of case studies of fire events involving residential occupancies.

• Tests comparing sprinkler-protected and non-sprinkler-protected fires.

• Flaming ignition sources used in fire tests.

• Acceptance criteria for sprinkler fire tests.

The literature review (Abraham & Webb, 2017) found that most sprinklers in use around the world have been approved based on the sprinkler approval standards developed by Underwriter Laboratories (2012) and FM Global (FM 2030, 2009). Factory Mutual Research Corporation (FMRC) conducted a series of fire tests to investigate sprinkler performance in a typical flame-initiated residential fire scenario (Kung, Haines, & Green Jr, 1978). The study demonstrated that links (sprinkler head bulbs) that are more sensitive than the commercial links are essential in providing adequate life safety and property protection in residential fires. Adequate water application to the corner of the room where the fire source was located, and to the walls, was found to be critical in controlling such a fire.

The US National Fire Protection Authority (NFPA) conducted research to test the performance of alternative sprinkler designs in controlling the development of fire in single family dwellings (Cote, 1983). The criteria used to evaluate the effectiveness of using the ‘quick response’ sprinkler heads are listed as:

• Sprinkler system effectiveness

• Fire control

• Tenability criteria.

BRANZ conducted studies to investigate the cost and cost

‐

effectiveness of domestic sprinkler systems built to the New Zealand standard NZS 4515:1995 (C Duncan, 2001). The report outlines a low

‐

cost, multi

‐

purpose sprinkler system that fulfils its objective by reducing loss of life, injury and property damage due to fire in residential buildings.

Test structure design

The re-burnable test structure was designed and built by FRNSW in consultation with the CSIRO and Galea’s Engineering. The rig consists of a series of four moveable floor modules measuring 3.6 metres by 3.6 metres wide, with the floor surface sitting approximately 400 millimetres off the ground. Two centre expansion modules measure 3.6 metres by 1.2 metres wide to create a floor assembly area of 7.2 metres by 8.4 metres, or 60.48 square metres. The floor modules consist of a steel rectangular hollow section (RHS) sub-frame set on four heavyduty caster wheels to allow for manoeuvrability. On top of the RHS sub-frame sits three layers of differing materials starting with 16 mm particle board, followed by 16 mm fire-resistant gypsum board and then a layer of 16 mm fibre-cement sheeting. The layers provide stability and protection of the sub-floor equipment from fire.

Each floor module has the ability to be individually levelled by way of threaded adjustment points in each corner. Within each adjustment point is the ability to insert a load cell as a means of measuring mass loss during fire testing. The floor modules are assembled using a simple nut and bolt system along each side. Once in place, the floor modules are lowered onto the adjustable feet and load cell and levelled using a dumpy level. Each floor module has a series of hatches allowing for access to the adjustment points and securing points. These hatches also serve as drainage points for water during the sprinkler tests.

The re-burnable unit was constructed in place above the levelled floor assembly at the CSIRO test facility in North Ryde, NSW. The unit replicates the full-sized layout of a two-bedroom, open plan home unit with a main entrance opening to a small kitchen, a lounge area which has a sliding-door opening opposite to the main entrance, and a small hallway leading to the bedrooms and bathroom. The unit represents the floorplan of the Bankstown unit that was subject to the Coronial Inquiry, although limitations in space at the CSIRO facility meant the complete floor plan could not be replicated.

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 18

The frame of the unit was constructed from Oregon timber, with the walls lined with plywood bracing, over which 16 mm fire resistant gypsum board panels were used to line the internal walls and ceiling. The structure contains a standard solid timber, single leaf entry door and three standard internal doors. Low-height aluminium glazed sliding doors were installed adjacent to the main living area, and a 7 mm perspex sheet was used to cover the window opening in the main bedroom (Bedroom 1). Ceiling heights were 2.4 m and bulkheads above doors were set at 2.1 m. The layout is detailed in Figure 3.

〔图〕插图

Figure 1 View of the floor assembly

〔图〕2\n

Figure 2 View of the burn unit

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 19

〔图〕Thermocouple trees: numbered from-T36 over ignition pointat 75mm from-Thermocouples T1-17 located belowront door and bed

Figure 3 Layout of the burn unit

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 20

Sprinkler system designs

Two sprinkler systems were used during the testing: one is a modified Domestic system based on AS 2118.5 (Part 5) (Standards Australia, 2008a) and the other is a residential (Hydrant serviced) system based on modified AS 2118.4 (Part 4) (Standards Australia, 2012) system. The sprinkler heads used for both systems were identical, and were a rapid response, domed-plate concealed, pendant-type sprinkler head with a discharge coefficient (K-factor) of 4.9. The temperature rating for the cover plate is 59°C and for the sprinkler bulb is 68°C (see Appendix B). There were eight sprinkler heads installed for the Domestic, Part 5 system (designated ‘D’) in locations as detailed in Figure 3, and nine for the Hydrant, Part 4 system (designated ‘H’).

〔图〕OOK ASSE\n

Figure 4 Photo showing the two sprinkler systems. To the left is the 25 mm polyethylene piping of System 1 (Domestic), and to the right is the 50 mm steel piping of System 2 (Hydrant).

1. 3.1 System 1: Domestic potable water supply design

Fire System Design & Certification Pty Ltd (FSD) proposed a low-cost, AS2118.5 (Standards Australia, 2008a) compliant sprinkler system for installation in all new residential buildings under 25 metres in effective height.

The primary objective of this type of sprinkler system is to “provide a level of protection against injury or loss of life” (Standards Australia, 2008a), such as by preventing flashover and by increasing the likelihood of occupants safely evacuating the building.

Such a system would be connected to the potable water supply and installed only in soleoccupancy units (SOUs). Each SOU would effectively be a separate system independent from each other. It is proposed that the sprinkler system would be installed by licensed plumbers in conjunction with the installation of the potable water infrastructure. The system would be designed to provide a flow of at least 100L/min in excess of the requirements of the potable demand. In some instances, a potable water pump/s will be required to achieve the necessary pressure at the point of discharge for the sprinklers to operate as required. To ensure reliability, these pumps could be connected to the supply side of the main switch, similar to conventional fire pumps.

1. 3.2 System 2: Internal hydrant water supply design

The second system proposed essentially identifies the use of residential sprinklers that reticulate on each floor level no differently to an existing residential sprinkler layout. However, the water supply would not be independently provided to the town mains via its own infrastructure, but connected to a fire hydrant system riser, provided under existing NCC requirements.

The sprinkler water supply would be completed to the current requirements of AS2419.1-2005 for the fire hydrant system, except for a couple of small deviations:

a. The system mains would be provided with some form of system flow indicator to notify of the operation of a sprinkler flow condition. This is most likely achieved with a flow switch located before the system mains branch to respective areas.

b. The flow requirements of the sprinkler system and the hydrant system would not be aggregated together. Therefore, any installed fire hydrant pump (almost all installed

fire hydrant systems will include the use of a pump) would not increase in duty from current design requirements.

The water supply is reticulated throughout the building in the 100NB pipe sizing currently required by AS 2419. These pipes are typically located in the fire stairs to rise up the building to the upper level.

The dedicated (not shared) sprinkler water supply would commence at a branch connection into this fire hydrant riser for each protected floor level. There is no proposal to provide isolation valves or equipment indications at these floor branch locations due to the limited modification of residential sprinkler systems, nor the need for floor level indication for mechanical or occupant warning systems. This reduces the complexity of the system and minimises installation costs.

As the existing pressure requirements for fire hydrants operating in Class 2 buildings is 700 kPa, this pressure is significantly high enough to utilise an economical pipe sizing throughout the floor to each sprinkler location.

Insurance survey

One of the areas highlighted for possible savings and a possible payback period for the installation of sprinklers was in the area of insurance. It was decided in the first instance to undertake a review of the property insurance aspect only.

Alan Wilson Insurance Brokers (AWIB) agreed to undertake a survey of the leading insurance companies to determine what discounts, if any, would be available for Class 2 and 3 buildings up to 25 metres in effective height that are currently not required by the NCC to be equipped with sprinklers. The results of this survey are to be reported elsewhere.

Test scenarios

An initial series of 14 tests was selected by the steering group to cover a range of scenarios and conditions of interest. This is not an exhaustive series, but was chosen to be representative, given the number of tests able to be run within the set timeframe and budget. A description for each scenario is given in Section 3.

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 23

Table 1 Sprinkler test configurations

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1 Fire ignition and extinguishment

The test fires were initiated using a timber crib, which had been conditioned at 104 ± 5°C for at least 24 hours prior to testing. The crib was removed from the conditioning oven and bagged 4 hours before testing. The crib is constructed from 38 mm x 38 mm x 300 mm Oregon (Douglas fir) timber batons nailed together in layers to form a 300 mm x 300 mm square stack.

In Tests 1–4, a four-layer stack was used, weighing approximately 3 kg. For subsequent tests, the crib was expanded to six layers, weighing approximately 4.3 kg.

The crib was placed above a steel tray containing 250 ml of heptane or kerosene, and 500 ml of water. The heptane mixture was lit using a blow torch at the start of ignition. Fires were extinguished by firefighters at the end of each test using a CO2 extinguisher or water hose, as appropriate.

1. 2 Fuel packages and test materials

In most of the tests, stylised furniture pieces were used as the fuel package for the test fires. These consisted of a steel-framed plywood coffee table (1.2 m x 1.2 m square), a steel-framed plywood side table (500 mm x 500 mm square), and two steel-framed polyurethane padded sofas (1.5 m long). A bed was stylised using the existing steel framing for the sofas, with the polyurethane foam blocks representing the mattress foam. The foam used was a generalpurpose, medium-density (26–27 kg/m3), polyurethane foam from Dunlop Foams (Product ID. MA26-160), which is commonly used in seat cushions, bed settees and arm overlays. The foam was cut to 300 mm x 300 mm x 75 mm sections. Six foam sections were used to cover each sofa. In tests where the ignition crib was positioned under the side table between the stylised sofas, an extra foam piece was used as an armrest. All foam pieces were conditioned at 23-25°C and 55-65%RH for at least 48 hours prior to testing.

In the real furniture tests, two-seater sofas were purchased from a bulk furniture store and used in place of the stylised pieces. In Test 14, salvaged furniture and furnishings from a charity shop were used to provide a large fuel load to demonstrate fire development in a nonsprinklered residence.

1. 3 Performance criteria

The main objective of the test program was to evaluate the performance of the sprinkler systems in terms of occupant life safety or tenability in the room of fire origin and in the adjacent bedroom. The main factors affecting tenability in a sprinkler-controlled residential fire are convective heat, smoke toxicity and obscuration. In this study, we focused on temperatures and smoke constituents as they were readily quantifiable measures in the test environment. The criteria observed are summarised in Table 2 and detailed in APPENDIX A Tenability Criteria.

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 25

Table 2 Tenability criteria observed in the test program

2.4 Instrumentation

Temperatures within the unit were measured via 37 N-type thermocouples (measurement range -270°C to 1260°C) which were installed 100 mm below each sprinkler head, at four tree locations at heights of 0.6 m, 1 m, 1.6 m and 2.3 m from the floor, above the NW corner ignition point 75 mm below the ceiling, and in the oil pan during the Kitchen fire (See Figure 3).

Two pad-type K thermocouples measured the surface temperatures of the Bedroom 1 door and of the main exit door near the Kitchen, which represents the SOU door. Ambient test conditions were monitored via a weather station (Vaisala Weather Transmitter WXT520) positioned inside the unit before testing and outside the unit during fire testing. The device measures atmospheric air temperature, air velocity, relative humidity and air pressure. All temperature and atmospheric data were captured via a data acquisition system (DataTaker DT85) sampling at 12 channels per second.

Ten infrared digital video cameras were installed throughout the unit to provide video footage of the tests. In addition, up to three portable digital cameras in protective casings were used to provide additional views of the fires.

Two Gasmet DX4000 gas analyser units were used to monitor and analyse the gas levels within the fire compartments. A library of 41 gases, including CO, HCN, CO2, O2, HCl, HBr, HF, SO2, NO2, acrolein and formaldehyde, was included in the analyses, which utilises Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The full list of gases and tenability limits used in the calculations is listed in APPENDIX A Tenability Criteria. Two high-temperature sampling

probes were placed at a height of 1.6 metres at two locations within the unit: one in the Lounge room along the path of egress and the other in the main Bedroom (Bedroom 1). Gases were sampled every five seconds and heated to a temperature of 180°C. In the Bedroom fire test (Test 8), the Lounge room probe was moved to Bedroom 1 to measure gas concentrations at a height of 1 metre.

The unit was thoroughly ventilated, dried and background tested between tests to enable a clean air environment as the baseline.

1. 5 Data analysis

The atmospheric data acquired via the thermocouples, weather station and FTIR gas analyser units were processed using Microsoft Excel 2010. Tenability limits due to irritant and asphyxiant gases, and convective heat were calculated using the formulae presented by Purser (2010), detailed in APPENDIX A Tenability Criteria.

1. 6 Study limitations

Although this study was limited due to time and cost considerations, care has been taken to design a robust program of tests. Each scenario was tested only once.

Weather and ambient conditions were a factor in the testing. The testing was undertaken in North Ryde, Sydney in the autumn season where temperatures and wind velocities varied between tests. While test articles have been conditioned prior to testing, the tests were carried out under real conditions, which were uncontrolled.

Smoke obscuration, radiant heat flux, and mass loss were not measured in this test series. Further, only two gas analysers were available for gas monitoring and hence measurements were limited to the two locations at 1.6 metres. Sprinkler coverage and flow rates were not measured.

Only one sprinkler head design was used in the testing. This is detailed in Appendix B.

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 27

3. RESULTS

The 14 tests were completed over a 15-week period between February and May 2017. In this section, we present a description of each set-up, the results, and our observations for each test. An analysis of the overall results is presented in Section 4.

3.1 Test 1: UL-based corner test, Domestic system, Ventilated

3.1.1 Test Description

Test 1 was conducted on 24 February 2017. The conditions during testing are summarised in Table 3 below.

Table 3 Atmospheric conditions (Mean (S.D.)) internal to the unit pre-test, and external to the unit during Test 1.

This test was based on the UL 1626 Standard for Residential Sprinklers for Fire Protection Service (Underwriters Laboratory, Inc., 2012). The ignition crib was located in the NW corner of the unit, adjacent to the sliding door, and was surrounded by plywood-backed foam blocks. The arrangement is pictured in Figure 5 and detailed in Figure 6. In this test, the external doors were open and the Bedroom 1 door was closed. The fuel under the crib was a 1:2 mixture of kerosene and water.

The fire source and distance to the sprinkler heads was to the UL specifications in this test; however, the room dimensions and configuration differ. The objective of the test was to set a baseline for comparison of future tests, and against prior published data.

The pressure at the meter was set at 250 kPa, the minimum pressure that would be available for a typical residential apartment complex. With the sprinkler set-up, there were only two charged sprinkler heads in operation with this test: D1, which was specifically located to be in accordance with the sprinkler distance with the UL test; and D3, which is located in accordance with the AS 2118.5 (Standards Australia, 2008b) layout. All other sprinkler heads were made inoperable.

Document ID: D17/8418

Issued: 10 December 2017

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 28

The test duration was approximately 12 minutes.

〔图〕第4y\n

Figure 5 View of the ignition point and surrounding props in Test 1

〔图〕T35CHARLIE△BATHRDOMHALLBEDROOM2T14KITCHENT18,19,20,21口□T15"T17=T3T2T11T37>T1T16 34G2T12T13T26,27,28,298G1DELTAT30,31,32,

Figure 6 Map showing the Test 1 arrangement

Document ID: D17/8418

Issued: 10 December 2017

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 29

3.1.2 Results

Fire size and fuel consumption

In Test 1, the peak flame height was approximately 2 metres (Figure 7). The foam pads surrounding the ignition crib were fully consumed during the test; however, the crib itself and the plywood surrounds remained intact (Figure 8).

Activations

The sprinklers activated at 1 min 23 s (D1) and 1 min 33 s (D3) after ignition. The peak temperatures reached at the sprinkler heads upon activation were 100.3°C and 96.4°C for D1 and D3, respectively.

〔图〕插图

Figure 7 View of the test fire before sprinkler activation

〔图〕插图 〔图〕插图 〔图〕插图

Figure 8 Views of the timber crib and foam panels at the end of Test 1

Temperatures

The maximum temperature reached in the unit was 333°C at T22, the thermocouple at 2.3 m located near the ignition point. This peak occurred at 2 min 55 s after ignition.

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 30

The temperature at the Kitchen door at 1.6 m (T20) peaked above 100°C (105°C at 3 min 20 s) and was elevated above 65°C between 2 min 05 s and 4 min 50 s. At this location, a FED_heat of 0.3 is reached at 8 min 25 s after ignition. At a height of 1 metre (T21), the temperature remains below 65°C for the duration of the test, with the FED_heat only reaching 0.03 at this location.

At the Lounge centre, the temperatures did not exceed 65°C during the test at 1.6 m (T28) or at 1 m (T29) and the FED_heat did not exceed 0.05.

In the Bedroom, temperatures remained ambient, with a peak of 26.6°C at 1.6 m (T32).

Test 1 Thermocouple Readings at Sprinkler Heads

〔图〕插图

Figure 9 Sprinkler head activation times and temperatures for Test 1

Smoke toxicity

At the Lounge centre, gas sampling at 1.6 m (G2) found that irritant concentrations rose to a level that would cause impaired escape for vulnerable persons ($FEC_{esc}$ 0.3) at 1 min 42 s, peaking at 0.89 at 4 min 10 s after ignition, and remaining mostly above 0.3 for the duration of the test. Conditions in the Lounge would have caused vulnerable persons to become incapacitated due to the irritant concentrations ($FEC_{inc} > 0.3$) for the time between 2 min 16 s

Document ID: D17/8418

Issued: 10 December 2017

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 31

and 4 min 44 s after ignition. The tenability limit for incapacitation due to asphyxiant concentrations $FED_{asp}$ 0.3 was not reached during this test.

In Bedroom 1, $FEC_{esc},$ $FEC_{inc}$ and $FED_{asp},$ peaked at fractional values of 0.07, 0.03 and 0 respectively.

〔图〕插图

Figure 10 Chart showing timing of activations and tenability factors for Test 1

Table 4 Summary of Test 1 event timings

Document ID: D17/8418

Issued: 10 December 2017

Copyright NSW State Government (FRNSW)

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 32

3.1.3 Observations

The following observations were noted from the data:

● With only two sprinkler heads operating, the fire was controlled and did not spread.

● The temperatures and products of combustion did continue to develop for a period of approximately two minutes after the sprinkler heads operated.

● Once the sprinkler heads activated, temperatures throughout the unit, other than in the area of fire origin, remained safe for evacuation. While the temperature at 1.6 m in the Kitchen area near the main entry did rise above the tenability threshold, a brief exposure is unlikely to cause significant injury to an escaping occupant.

● At a height of one metre above floor level, temperatures were well below tenability limits.

● While escape impairment and irritant incapacitation thresholds were reached in the Lounge room along the egress path, the tenability limit for asphyxiant incapacitation was not reached.

● Temperatures and smoke conditions in the closed Bedroom remained tenable for the duration of the test. Data indicates that an occupant remaining in the Bedroom would have been safe for the duration of the test.

● The pressure supplied at the meter of 250 kPa, in the context of the specifications of this test, provided enough water flow and pressure to generate the above results.

3.2 Test 2: UL-based corner test, Hydrant system, Ventilated

3.2.1 Test Description

Test 2 was conducted on 3 March 2017. The conditions during testing are summarised in Table 5 below.

Table 5 Atmospheric conditions (Mean (S.D.)) internal to the unit pre-test, and external to the unit during Test 2.

This test was identical to Test 1 in configuration and method, except for the sprinkler system tested. As in Test 1, the ignition crib was located in the NW corner of the unit and was

Document ID: D17/8418

Issued: 10 December 2017

Copyright NSW State Government (FRNSW)

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 33

surrounded by plywood-backed foam blocks. The arrangement is pictured in Figure 11 and detailed in Figure 12. In this test, the external doors were open and the Bedroom 1 door was closed. The fuel under the crib was a 1:2 mixture of kerosene and water.

The pressure at the meter was set at 700 kPa, the minimum pressure required in the Standard. With the sprinkler system set up, there were seven charged sprinkler heads in operation with this test: H1, which was specifically located to be in accordance with the sprinkler distance with the UL test; and H3, H4, H5, H6, H7, and H8.

The test duration was approximately 8 minutes.

〔图〕2M1-SMEST\n

Figure 11 View of the test arrangement for Test 2

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 34

〔图〕CHARLIE△BATHRDOMHALLBEDROOM 2<T14KITCHENT18,19,20,21□□T1H7T2T3T17H3T37BT16H6H4分公G2T12H8T13T26,27,28,29.G1DELTAT30,31,32,

Figure 12 Map showing the Test 2 arrangement

3.2.2 Results

Fire size and fuel consumption

As in Test 1, the peak flame height in Test 2 was approximately 2 metres (Figure 13). Similarly, the foam pads surrounding the ignition crib were fully consumed during the test; however, the crib itself and the plywood surrounds remained intact (Figure 14).

Activations

There were two sprinkler activations during this test. H1 in the Lounge centre activated at 1 min 20 s and H4 in the Kitchen activated at 1 min 21 s after ignition. The peak temperatures reached at the sprinkler heads upon activation were 93.3°C and 98.2°C for H1 and H4, respectively. Note the 10 second delay in temperature drop after the H4 activation. Interestingly, the cover for the sprinkler head in the Lounge annexe (H5) dropped at 1 min 25 s at a temperature of 80.1°C; however, this sprinkler head did not activate during the test.

Document ID: D17/8418

Issued: 10 December 2017

Copyright NSW State Government (FRNSW)

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 35

〔图〕2016/01/01 01:27:52\n

Figure 13 View of the test fire before sprinkler activation

〔图〕插图

Figure 14 View of the ignition point at the end of Test 2

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 36

Test 2 Thermocouple Readings at Sprinkler Heads

〔图〕插图

Figure 15 Sprinkler head activation times and temperatures for Test 2

Temperatures

The maximum temperature reached in the unit was 254°C at T24, the thermocouple at 1.6 m located near the ignition point. This peak occurred at 1 min 50 s after ignition.

The temperatures at all other locations within the unit at 1.6 m and below remained below tenability limits.

In the Bedroom, temperatures remain ambient, with a peak of 24.5°C at 1.6 m (T32).

Smoke toxicity

At the Lounge centre, gas sampling at 1.6 m (G2) found that irritant concentrations rose to a level that would cause impaired escape for vulnerable persons ($FEC_{esc} > 0.3$) at 2 min 35 s, and remained above that level until the test end. $FEC_{inc}$ was not reached, peaking at 0.26. $FED_{asp}$ was not reached during this test, remaining at 0 for the test duration.

In Bedroom 1, $FEC_{esc}$, $FEC_{inc}$, and $FED_{asp}$ were not reached during the test, with the fractional values peaking at 0.22, 0.06, and 0, respectively.

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 37

〔图〕插图

Figure 16 Chart showing timing of activations and tenability factors for Test 2

Table 6 Summary of Test 2 event timings

3.2.3 Observations

The following observations were noted from the data:

· With only two heads operating, the fire was controlled and did not spread significantly.

· The temperatures throughout the apartment dropped significantly upon activation of the sprinkler heads, with temperatures along the path of egress remaining below tenability thresholds.

Document ID: D17/8418

Issued: 10 December 2017

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 38

● Once the sprinkler heads activated, the majority of the unit, other than the area of the living room nearest the fire source, the temperatures at 1.6 m were safe.

· After smoke alarm activation, there is 137 seconds before the threshold for impaired escape is reached in the Lounge room at 1.6 metres. This should give an able person ample time to escape the premises. Conditions in the closed Bedroom also remained tenable throughout the test.

● After sprinkler activation, the temperatures recorded in Test 2 were significantly lower than in Test 1 except for the bedrooms, where there was an insignificant difference.

· Data indicates that an occupant remaining in the Bedroom would have been safe for the duration of the test.

● The pressure supplied at the meter of 700 kPa, in the context of the specifications of this test, provided enough water flow and pressure to generate the above results.

3.3 Test 3: Lounge centre test, Domestic system, Ventilated, Stylised furniture

3.3.1 Test Description

Test 3 was conducted on 10 March 2017. The conditions during testing are summarised in Table 7 below.

Table 7 Atmospheric conditions (Mean (S.D.)) internal to the unit pre-test, and external to the unit during Test 3.

In this test, the ignition crib was located in the centre of the Lounge room, underneath a stylised coffee table. The coffee table was surrounded by two stylised sofas. The arrangement is pictured in Figure 17 and detailed in Figure 18. In this test, the external doors were open and the internal doors were closed. The fuel under the crib was a 1:2 mixture of heptane and water. There were seven sprinkler heads in operation in this test: D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, and D8. The pressure at the meter was set at 250 kPa. All other sprinkler heads were made inoperable.

The test duration was approximately 10 minutes.

Document ID: D17/8418

Issued: 10 December 2017

Copyright NSW State Government (FRNSW)

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 39

3.3.2 Results

Fire size and fuel consumption

In Test 3, the peak flame height was approximately 1.5 metres (Figure 19). The fire spread to the southern Lounge. Of the six foam blocks representing the sofa cushions, the three seat cushions, and approximately half of the three back cushions were consumed (Figure 20).

Activations

There were four sprinkler activations in this test, which occurred within a period of 14 seconds. D3 and D2 in the Lounge activated at 1 min 55 s and 1 min 58 s, respectively. They were followed by D4 in the Kitchen at 2 min 5 s, and D5 in the Lounge annex at 2 min 9 s. The peak temperatures reached at the sprinkler heads upon activation were 86.7°C, 91.8°C, 80.9°C, and 85.9°C.

〔图〕-\n

Figure 17 Photo showing the test arrangement for Test 3

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 40

〔图〕T35CHARLIEHALLBATHRDOMBEDROOM 2T14口D7T18,19,20,21KITCHEN口T15T3T17D6T2T37D4DT1T16T34G2T12D8T13T26,27,28,29AVG1DELTAT30,31

Figure 18 Map showing the Test 3 arrangement

〔图〕12017/03/1011:12:14 GDB888888\n

Figure 19 View of the test fire before sprinkler activation

Document ID: D17/8418

Issued: 10 December 2017

Copyright NSW State Government (FRNSW)

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 41

〔图〕5m\n

Figure 20 View of the test furnishings at the end of Test 3

Temperatures

The maximum temperature reached in the unit was 248°C at T7, the thermocouple positioned above the coffee table. This peak occurred at 2 min 10 s after ignition.

Along the paths of egress, the temperatures measured at 1.6 m at the Lounge centre T28 and Lounge corner T24, rose above 65°C at 2 min 35 s and 3 min 5 s, respectively. They remained elevated for a period of 4 to 5 ½ minutes. The cumulative heat tenability limits at those locations were reached at 6 min and 6 min 50 s, respectively.

In the Bedroom, temperatures remained ambient, with a peak of 23°C at 1.6 m (T32).

Smoke toxicity

At the Lounge centre, gas sampling at 1.6 m (G2) found that irritant concentrations rose to a level that would cause impaired escape for vulnerable persons ($FEC_{esc} > 0.3$) at 2 min and 50% of the population ($FEC_{esc} = 1$) at 3 min 19 s after ignition. Irritant incapacitation $FEC_{inc}$ 0.3 was reached at 2 min 23 s and remained above this level for the test duration. $FED_{asp}$ was not reached at this location.

In Bedroom 1, the threshold for impaired escape due to irritant concentrations ($FEC_{esc} > 0.3$) was reached at 6 min 5 s after ignition. $FEC_{inc}$ 0.3 and $FED_{asp}$ 0.3 were not reached during the test, with the fractional values peaking at 0.2, and 0.08, respectively.

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 42

Test 3 Thermocouple Readings at Sprinkler Heads

〔图〕插图

Figure 21 Sprinkler head activation times and temperatures for Test 3

〔图〕插图

Figure 22 Chart showing timing of activations and tenability factors for Test 3

Document ID: D17/8418

Issued: 10 December 2017

Copyright NSW State Government (FRNSW)

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 43

Table 8 Summary of Test 3 event timings

3.3.3 Observations

The following was observed from the data:

● With four heads operating the fire was controlled, did not flash over and did not spread beyond the southern sofa.

· With the fire source situated directly between two sprinkler heads, these activated almost simultaneously (3 seconds difference) and overall, with four sprinklers activated, the sprinkler system effectively delivered enough water to prevent the fire from spreading.

· The temperatures throughout the apartment dropped significantly in the area directly adjacent to the activating sprinkler heads, but ceiling temperatures continued to rise for approximately another 90 seconds before dropping. The products of combustion did continue to increase after the sprinkler heads operated.

· Once the sprinkler heads activated, in most of the unit other than the area of the living room nearest the fire source, the temperatures at 1.6m were still tenable and for anyone sheltering in the Bedroom with the door closed, the conditions were tenable for the duration of the test.

Document ID: D17/8418

Issued: 10 December 2017

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 44

· At 1.6 metres height, the temperature along the egress path through the Lounge room was elevated for a four-minute period between 3 mins and 7 mins after ignition. Further, the thresholds for irritant-induced escape impairment and incapacitation were reached in this area. The combined effects may have made it difficult for an occupant to safely egress from the bedrooms after the sprinkler activation. At a crawling height of 1 metre, an escaping occupant would have been safe.

· Data indicates that an occupant remaining in the Bedroom would have been safe for the duration of the test.

3.4 Test 4: UL-based corner test, Domestic system, Ventilated, Stylised furniture

3.4.1 Test Description

Test 4 was conducted on 16 March 2017. The conditions during testing are summarised in Table 9 below.

Table 9 Atmospheric conditions (Mean (S.D.)) internal to the unit pre-test, and external to the unit during Test 4.

In this test, the ignition crib was located in the NW corner of the Lounge room, underneath a stylised coffee table. The coffee table was surrounded by two stylised sofas with a plywood side table placed in the corner between them. The arrangement is pictured in Figure 23 and detailed in Figure 24. In this test, the external doors were open and the internal doors were closed. The fuel under the crib was a 1:2 mixture of heptane and water.

There was one sprinkler head in operation in this test: D1. The pressure at the meter was set at 250 kPa, providing 48 kPa at the head. All other sprinkler heads were made inoperable.

The test duration was approximately 50 minutes.

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 45

〔图〕插图

Figure 23 Photo showing the test arrangement for Test 4

〔图〕T35CHARLIE△BATHRDOMHALLBEDROOM2■T14KITCHENT18,19,20,21□T15T17■T3T211137T1T16=3?T34△???G2T12T13T26,27,28,29口G1DELTAT30,31

Figure 24 Map showing the Test 4 arrangement

Document ID: D17/8418

Issued: 10 December 2017

Copyright NSW State Government (FRNSW)

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 46

3.4.2 Results

Fire size and fuel consumption

In Test 4, the peak flame height was approximately 1.5 metres (Figure 25). The fire spread to the northern sofa. Of the seven foam blocks representing the sofa cushions (including arm rest), approximately four blocks were fully consumed with the remaining blocks partially consumed (Figure 26).

〔图〕16/03/2017 11:21:0916/03/2017 11:21:20CH3CH9\n

Figure 25 Views of the test fire before sprinkler activation

〔图〕插图

Figure 26 View of the test furnishings at the end of Test 4

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 47

Activations

The single sprinkler head (D1) available in this test activated at 1 min 51 s, which was 50 seconds after the first smoke alarm activation. The peak temperature at the sprinkler head was 95°C.

Temperatures

The maximum temperature reached in the unit was 372.2°C at T36, the thermocouple positioned above the ignition point. This peak occurred at 1 min 59 s after ignition. The temperature fell to below 100°C at 4 min 8 s after ignition.

Along the paths of egress, the temperature measured at 1.6 m at the Lounge centre T28 only briefly rose above 65°C between 2 min 03 s and 2 min 14 s. The cumulative heat tenability limits were not reached in the Lounge room or Bedroom during the test.

Test 4 Thermocouple Readings at Sprinkler Heads

〔图〕插图

Figure 27 Sprinkler head activation times and temperatures for Test 4

Smoke Toxicity

At the Lounge centre, gas sampling at 1.6 m (G2) found that irritant concentrations rose to a level that would cause impaired escape for vulnerable persons ($FEC_{esc} > 0.3$) at 1 min 27 s and 50% of the population ($FEC_{esc} = 1$) at 2 min 31 s after ignition. Irritant incapacitation $FEC_{inc}$

Document ID: D17/8418

Issued: 10 December 2017

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 48

1. 3 was reached at 2 min 7 s and rose above $FEC_{inc} = 1$ at 10 min 51 s. $FED_{asp}$ 0.3 was reached 12 min 58 s.

In Bedroom 1, the tenability limit for escape due to irritant concentrations ($FEC_{esc} > 0.3$) was reached at 10 min 44 s after ignition. $FEC_{inc}$ was not reached during the test; however, the cumulative asphyxiant gas concentrations rose to a $FED_{asp} > 0.3$ in 31 min 39 s.

〔图〕插图

Figure 28 Chart showing timing of activations and tenability factors for Test 4

3.4.3 Observations

The following was observed from the data:

● With only one head operating at the edge of the assumed coverage area, the fire was controlled, did not flash over and did not spread beyond the northern sofa.

· With an increased fire load, a significantly shielded fire placed at the edge of the sprinkler's assumed coverage area, and only one available sprinkler head, the system effectively delivered enough water to prevent the fire from spreading, preventing flashover and providing tenable temperature conditions in most of the apartment.

● The temperatures throughout the apartment dropped significantly upon the activation of the sprinkler head.

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 49

· At 1.6 metres height level, it would have been possible for an occupant to safely egress from the bedrooms after the sprinkler activation. The temperatures on the egress path through the Lounge room and Kitchen were only briefly elevated above 65°C.

· At a height of 1 metre, all temperatures in any part of the apartment were below the tenability criteria of 65°C except for the area of fire origin.

· The FEDasp for the Lounge room remained under 0.3 for approximately 13 minutes.

· The FEDasp for Bedroom 1 remained under 0.3 for approximately 31 minutes.

· This data indicates that an occupant remaining in the Bedroom with the door closed would have been safe for a period of at least 31 minutes before possibly becoming incapacitated from smoke inhalation.

· The pressure of 48 kPa supplied to the furthest possible sprinkler head in accordance with the data sheet, in the context of the specifications of this test, provided enough water flow to generate the above results.

Table 10 Summary of Test 4 event timings

Document ID: D17/8418

Issued: 10 December 2017

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 50

3.5 Test 5: Corner test, Hydrant system, Non-ventilated, Stylised furniture

3.5.1 Test Description

Test 5 was conducted on 28 March 2017. The conditions during testing are summarised in Table 11 below.

Table 11 Atmospheric conditions (Mean (S.D.)) internal to the unit pre-test, and external to the unit during Test 5.

In this test, the ignition crib was located in the NW corner of the Lounge room under a stylised plywood side table, which was placed in the corner between two stylised sofas. The arrangement is pictured in Figure 29 and detailed in Figure 30. In this test, the internal and external doors were closed. The fuel under the crib was a 1:2 mixture of heptane and water.

〔图〕插图

Figure 29 Photo showing the test arrangement for Test 5

There were seven sprinkler heads in operation in this test: H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, H7 and H8. The pressure at the meter was set at 700 kPa. All other sprinkler heads were made inoperable.

The test duration was approximately 45 minutes.

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 51

〔图〕CHARLIET35HALLBATHRDOMBEDROOM2.T14KITCHENT18,19,20,21□T15HT3T17H3T11T37T16H6H4T34G2T12T13H8T26,27,28,29DELTAG1T30,31,32,

Figure 30 Map showing the Test 5 arrangement

3.5.2 Results

Fire size and fuel consumption

In Test 5, the peak flame height was approximately 1.5 metres (Figure 31). The fire spread to both sofas. The two arm rests were consumed as well as four foam blocks from the northern sofa, while one block was partially consumed from the western sofa (Figure 32).

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 52

〔图〕2017/03/28 11:37:44\n

Figure 31 Views of the test fire before sprinkler activation

〔图〕0\n

Figure 32 View of the test furnishings at the end of Test 5

Activations

One sprinkler head (H2) activated at 1 min 35 s, which was 19 seconds after the first smoke alarm activation. The peak temperature at the sprinkler head was 85.9°C.

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 53

Temperatures

The maximum temperature reached in the unit was 343.6°C at T36, the thermocouple positioned above the ignition point. This peak occurred at 1 min 39 s after ignition. The temperature fell to below 100°C at 4 min 2 s after ignition.

Along the paths of egress, the temperatures measured at 1.6 m remained below 65°C for the duration of the test, peaking at 48°C in the Kitchen, 34.6°C in the Lounge room, and 23.7°C in Bedroom 1. The cumulative heat tenability limits were not reached in both the Lounge or Bedroom during the test.

Test 5 Thermocouple Readings at Sprinkler Heads

〔图〕插图

Figure 33 Sprinkler head activation times and temperatures for Test 5

Smoke Toxicity

At the Lounge centre, gas sampling at 1.6 m (G2) found that irritant concentrations rose to $FEC_{esc} > 0.3$ at 1 min 43 s and $FEC_{esc} > 1$ at 3 min 43 s after ignition. Irritant incapacitation $FEC_{inc}$ 0.3 was reached at 2 min 39 s and rose above $FEC_{inc} = 1$ at 6 min 29 s. $FED_{asp}$ 0.3 was reached 9 min 48 s, and $FED_{asp}$ 1 at 19 min 44 s.

Document ID: D17/8418

Issued: 10 December 2017

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 54

In Bedroom 1, $FEC_{esc} > 0.3$ was reached at 26 min 53 s after ignition and peaked at 0.8 at test end. $FEC_{inc} > 0.3$ was reached at 34 min 50 s, peaking at 0.46 by test end. The cumulative asphyxiant gas concentrations rose to $FED_{asp} > 0.3$ in 37 min 53 s, reaching 0.4 at test end.

〔图〕插图

Figure 34 Chart showing timing of activations and tenability factors for Test 5

Table 12 Summary of Test 5 event timings

Document ID: D17/8418

Issued: 10 December 2017

Copyright NSW State Government (FRNSW)

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 55

3.5.3 Observations

The following was observed from the data:

· With only the one head operating the fire was controlled, did not flash over and did not spread significantly.

· The sprinkler system effectively delivered enough water to prevent the fire from developing and consuming the two sofas. The temperatures throughout the apartment dropped significantly upon the activation of the sprinkler head. Temperatures at 1.6 m remained below tenability thresholds throughout the test.

· The data also indicates that at 1.6 metres at all times, before and after sprinkler activation, the conditions were tenable for the Fire Brigade to safely enter and undertake search and rescue operations.

· This data indicates that an occupant remaining in the Bedroom with the door closed would have been safe for a period of at least 35 minutes before possibly becoming incapacitated from smoke inhalation.

· The FEDasp for the Lounge room remained under 0.3 until 9 min 48 s into the test.

· The FEDasp for Bedroom 1 remained under 0.3 for approximately 38 minutes.

3.6 Test 6: Corner test, Domestic system, Non-ventilated, Stylised furniture

3.6.1 Test Description

Test 6 was conducted on 31 March 2017. The conditions during testing are summarised in Table 13 below.

Table 13 Atmospheric conditions (Mean (S.D.)) internal to the unit pre-test, and external to the unit during Test 6.

The arrangement for this test was identical to that of Test 5. The ignition crib was again located in the NW corner of the Lounge room under a stylised plywood side table, which was placed in the corner between two stylised sofas. The arrangement is pictured in Figure 35 and

Document ID: D17/8418

Issued: 10 December 2017

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 56

detailed in Figure 36. In this test, the internal and external doors were closed. The fuel under the crib was a 1:2 mixture of heptane and water.

〔图〕插图

Figure 35 Photo showing the test arrangement for Test 6

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 57

〔图〕CHARLIET35BATHRDOMHALLBEDROOM 2T14D7T18,19,20,21KITCHEN口T15 D6T3T2T17口11D4T1T16338888T34△D8G2T12T13T26,27,28,29OA口DELTAG

Figure 36 Map showing the Test 6 arrangement

There were seven sprinkler heads in operation in this test: D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7 and D8. The pressure at the meter was set at 250 kPa. All other sprinkler heads were made inoperable.

The test duration was approximately 45 minutes.

3.6.2 Results

Fire size and fuel consumption

In Test 6, the peak flame height was approximately 1 metre (Figure 37). The fire spread to both sofas. The two arm rests were consumed as well as four foam blocks from the northern sofa, and one block from the western sofa (Figure 38).

Activations

Two sprinkler heads activated during the test. D2 activated at 1 min 13 s and D3 at 2 min 37 s, 9 seconds and 93 seconds after the first smoke alarm activation, respectively. The peak temperatures at the sprinkler heads were 89°C at D2, and 117.5°C at D3.

Temperatures

The maximum temperature reached in the unit was 304.2°C at T36, the thermocouple positioned above the ignition point. This peak occurred at 2 min 15 s after ignition. The temperature fell to below 100°C at 12 min 44 s after ignition.

While the temperature at 1.6 metres remained below 65°C in Bedroom 1 and along the path of egress through the Lounge room, the temperature measured at the Kitchen door was elevated above 65°C between 2 min 46 s and 8 min 25 s, peaking at 72.2°C. The cumulative heat tenability limit (FEDheat > 0.3) at this location was reached at 11 min 34 s.

Smoke Toxicity

At the Lounge centre, gas sampling at 1.6 m (G2) found that irritant concentrations rose to FECesc > 0.3 at 1 min 43 s and FECesc > 1 at 3 min 3 s after ignition. Irritant incapacitation FECinc 0.3 was reached at 2 min 15 s and rose above FECinc = 1 at 3 min 50 s. FEDasp 0.3 was reached at 7 min 25 s, and FEDasp 1 at 13 min 38 s.

In Bedroom 1, FECesc > 0.3 was reached at 7 min 25 s and FECesc > 1 was reached at 27 min 1 s. FECinc > 0.3 was reached at 21 min 11 s, with FECinc 1 exceeded after 40 min 56 s. The cumulative asphyxiant gas concentrations rose to FEDasp > 0.3 in 28 min 05 s, reaching 0.73 by test end.

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 59

〔图〕插图

Figure 37 View of the test fire before sprinkler activation during Test 6

〔图〕插图

Figure 38 View of the test furnishings at the end of Test 6

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 60

Test 6 Thermocouple Readings at Sprinkler Heads

〔图〕插图

Figure 39 Sprinkler head activation times and temperatures for Test 6

〔图〕插图

Figure 40 Chart showing timing of activations and tenability factors for Test 6

Document ID: D17/8418

Issued: 10 December 2017

Copyright NSW State Government (FRNSW)

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 61

Table 14 Summary of Test 6 event timings

3.6.3 Observations

The following was observed from the data:

· With two heads operating, the fire was controlled, did not flash over and did not spread further along the two sofas.

· While temperatures continued to rise after the operation of the first sprinkler head, they stopped rising or dropped significantly upon the activation of the second sprinkler head.

· At 1.6 metres height level, it would have been possible for an occupant to safely egress from the bedrooms as temperatures along the egress path in the Lounge room remained below tenability thresholds.

· At a height of 1.6 metres, all temperatures in any part of the apartment were below the tenability thresholds except near the SOU door, where they were elevated for approximately 5 1/2 minutes after the second sprinkler activation.

· FEDasp in the Lounge room remained under 0.3 until 7 min 25 s into the test.

Document ID: D17/8418

Issued: 10 December 2017

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 62

● FEDasp in Bedroom 1 remained under 0.3 for 28 minutes with the bedroom door closed.

● This data indicates that an occupant in the Bedroom with the door closed would be safe from temperature and toxicity levels for at least 21 minutes before possibly becoming incapacitated due to smoke inhalation.

3.7 Test 7: Corner test, Domestic system, Non-ventilated, Stylised furniture, Bedroom door open

3.7.1 Test Description

Test 7 was conducted on 7 April 2017. The conditions during testing are summarised in Table 15 below.

Table 15 Atmospheric conditions (Mean (S.D.)) internal to the unit pre-test, and external to the unit during Test 7.

The arrangement for this test was identical to that of Test 6, except for the ventilation characteristics. The ignition crib was again located in the NW corner of the Lounge room under a stylised plywood side table, which was placed in the corner between two stylised sofas. The arrangement is pictured in Figure 41 and detailed in Figure 42. In this test, the external doors were closed while the door to Bedroom 1 was open. The fuel under the crib was a 1:2 mixture of heptane and water.

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 63

〔图〕01/4\n

Figure 41 Photo showing the test arrangement for Test 7

〔图〕CHARLIET35△BATHRDOMHALLBEDROOM2<T14D7KITCHENT18,19,20.21口T15D6T3T2T17T37D4T16T34△D8G2T12.T13T26,27,28.29G1DELTAT30,31,32

Figure 42 Map showing the Test 7 arrangement

Document ID: D17/8418

Issued: 10 December 2017

Copyright NSW State Government (FRNSW)

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 64

There were seven sprinkler heads in operation in this test: D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7 and D8. The pressure at the meter was set at 250 kPa. All other sprinkler heads were made inoperable.

The test duration was approximately 30 minutes.

3.7.2 Results

Fire size and fuel consumption

In Test 7, the peak flame height was approximately 1.5 metres (Figure 43). The fire spread to both sofas. The two arm rests were consumed as well as approximately 1.5 foam blocks from each sofa (Figure 44).

〔图〕2017/04/07 11:55:12\n

Figure 43 View of the test fire before sprinkler activation

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 65

〔图〕插图

Figure 44 View of the test furnishings at the end of Test 7

Activations

Two sprinkler heads activated during the test. D2 activated at 1 min 18 s and D3 at 1 min 42 s, 29 seconds and 53 seconds after the first smoke alarm activation, respectively. The peak temperatures at the sprinkler heads were 89.4°C at D2, and 89.5°C at D3.

Test 7 Thermocouple Readings at Sprinkler Heads

〔图〕插图

Figure 45 Sprinkler head activation times and temperatures for Test 7

Document ID: D17/8418

Issued: 10 December 2017

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 66

Temperatures

The maximum temperature reached in the unit was 348.2°C at T36, the thermocouple positioned above the ignition point. This peak occurred at 2 min 27 s after ignition. The temperature fell to below 100°C at 12 min 32 s after ignition.

Temperatures along the paths of egress and in Bedroom 1 at 1.6 metres remained below 65°C throughout the test, peaking at 48.3°C in Bedroom 1, 43.4°C at the Lounge centre, and 60°C in the Kitchen. The cumulative heat tenability limit ($FED_{heat} > 0.3$) was not reached for any of the three locations.

Smoke Toxicity

At the Lounge centre, gas sampling at 1.6 m (G2) found that irritant concentrations rose to $FEC_{esc}$ > 0.3 at 1 min 20 s and $FEC_{esc}$ > 1 at 3 min 35 s after ignition. Irritant incapacitation $FEC_{inc}$ 0.3 was reached at 1 min 59 s and rose above $FEC_{inc} = 1$ at 4 min 46 s. $FED_{asp}$ 0.3 was reached at 7 min 41 s, and $FED_{asp}$ 1 at 12 min 19 s.

In Bedroom 1, $FEC_{esc}$ > 0.3 was reached at 1 min 20 s and $FEC_{esc}$ > 1 was reached at 4 min 6 s. $FEC_{inc}$ > 0.3 was reached at 2 min 55 s, with $FEC_{inc}$ 1 exceeded after 7 min 33 s. The cumulative asphyxiant gas concentrations rose to $FED_{asp}$ > 0.3 in 17 min 45 s, reaching 0.64 by test end.

〔图〕插图

Figure 46 Chart showing timing of activations and tenability factors for Test 7

Document ID: D17/8418

Issued: 10 December 2017

Copyright NSW State Government (FRNSW)

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 67

Table 16 Summary of Test 7 event timings

3.7.3 Observations

The following was observed from the data:

● With two heads operating, the fire was controlled, did not flash over and did not spread further along the two sofas.

· The temperatures throughout the unit stopped increasing upon the activation of the sprinklers.

· At a height of 1.6 metres, all temperatures in any part of the apartment were below the tenability threshold of 65°C.

· The data indicates that an occupant remaining in the Bedroom with the door open would be safe for only 2 min 55 s before possibly becoming incapacitated from smoke inhalation. Escape via the most direct egress path would have been possible prior to this.

· FEDasp in the Lounge room remained under 0.3 until 7 min 41 s into the test.

· FEDasp in Bedroom 1 remained under 0.3 for 17 min 45 s with the Bedroom door open.

Document ID: D17/8418

Issued: 10 December 2017

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 68

3.8 Test 8: Bedroom test, Domestic system, Non-ventilated, Stylised furniture

3.8.1 Test Description

Test 8 was conducted on 12 April 2017. The conditions during testing are summarised in Table 17 below.

Table 17 Atmospheric conditions (Mean (S.D.)) internal to the unit pre-test, and external to the unit during Test 8.

In this test, the ignition crib was located in the NW corner of Bedroom 1, underneath a stylised bed. The arrangement is pictured in Figure 47 and detailed in Figure 48. In this test, both the external and internal doors were closed. The fuel under the crib was a 1:2 mixture of heptane and water.

There were seven sprinkler heads in operation in this test: D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7 and D8. The pressure at the meter was set at 250 kPa. All other sprinkler heads were made inoperable.

The test duration was approximately 50 minutes.

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 69

〔图〕TEST\n

Figure 47 Photo showing the test arrangement in Test 8

〔图〕CHARLIET35△HALLBATHROOMBEDROOM 2<T14D7KITCHENT18,19,20,21口T15T2T17D6T3T37D4T16BEDROOM 1T34△D8T12G2T13T26,27,28.29V.DELTA

Figure 48 Map showing the Test 8 arrangement

Document ID: D17/8418

Issued: 10 December 2017

Copyright NSW State Government (FRNSW)

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 70

3.8.2 Results

Fire size and fuel consumption

In Test 8, the peak flame height was approximately 2.4 metres or ceiling height (Figure 49). The fire was confined to a single foam block (Figure 50).

〔图〕2017/04/12 09:56:19\n

Figure 49 View of the test fire before sprinkler activation

〔图〕插图

Figure 50 View of the test furnishings at the end of Test 8

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 71

Activations

The Bedroom 1 sprinkler head (D8) activated after 58 seconds, 31 seconds after the room smoke alarm sounded. The peak temperature at the sprinkler head was 125.8°C.

〔图〕插图

Figure 51 Sprinkler head activation times and temperatures for Test 8

Temperatures

The maximum temperature reached in the unit was 243.4°C at T30, the thermocouple positioned at the ceiling of Bedroom 1. This peak occurred at 1 min 14 s after ignition. The temperature fell to below 100°C at 1 min 46 s after ignition.

Temperatures measured at 1.6 metres remained below 65°C throughout the test, peaking at 63.1°C in Bedroom 1. The cumulative heat tenability limit ($FED_{heat} > 0.3$) was not reached at any location.

Smoke Toxicity

Gases were sampled at heights of 1.6 metres (G1) and 1 metre (G2) within Bedroom 1.

At 1.6 metres (G1), both $FEC_{esc} > 0.3$ and $FEC_{inc} > 0.3$ were reached in 56 seconds. $FEC_{esc} 1$ was exceeded in 1 min 4 s and $FEC_{inc} 1$ in 1 min 12 s. Aphyxiant incapacitation $FED_{asp}$ 0.3 was reached at 3 min 59 s, and $FED_{asp}$ 1 at 7 min 33 s.

Document ID: D17/8418

Issued: 10 December 2017

Copyright NSW State Government (FRNSW)

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 72

At 1 metre (G2), $FEC_{esc}$ > 0.3 was reached in 56 seconds, while $FEC_{inc}$ 0.3 and $FEC_{esc}$ 1 were reached in 1 min 4 s. $FEC_{inc}$ 1 was exceeded in 1 min 19 s. Aphyxiant incapacitation $FED_{asp}$ 0.3 was reached at 2 min 39 s, and $FED_{asp}$ 1 at 5 min 26 s.

〔图〕插图

Figure 52 Chart showing timing of activations and tenability factors for Test 8

3.8.3 Observations

The following was observed from the data:

● With the one head operating, the fire was controlled, did not flash over and did not spread beyond a single foam pad.

● With a significantly shielded fire to prevent the water from the sprinkler from impacting immediately on the fire and with only one head operating, the sprinkler system effectively delivered enough water to prevent the fire from spreading, preventing flashover and providing temperature tenability conditions.

● The temperatures throughout the Bedroom dropped significantly upon the activation of the sprinkler head.

● Also, according to the data, it would have been possible for an occupant to safely egress from the Bedroom after the sprinkler activation, as the access path throughout the apartment would have been safe for evacuation.

● It would also have been possible for the occupant to seek refuge in another part of the apartment, as the sprinkler prevented spread of the fire from the Bedroom.

Document ID: D17/8418

Issued: 10 December 2017

Copyright NSW State Government (FRNSW)

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 73

● At a height of 1.6 metres all temperatures in any part of the unit were below the tenability criteria of 65°C, including in the closed Bedroom.

● FEDasp at 1 metre height (G2) remained under 0.3 for 2 min 39 s into the test.

● FEDasp at 1.6 m (G1) remained under 0.3 for 3 min 59s minutes.

● The small, enclosed space contributed to the rapid elevation of toxicity levels within the Bedroom. While the sprinkler activation prevented fire spread and temperature rise, toxicity levels quickly became untenable within the Bedroom.

● The early activation of the smoke alarm and sprinkler would have adequately alerted an able occupant for escape. It is assumed that opening the door to escape would have vented the space quickly.

Table 18 Summary of Test 8 event timings

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 74

3.9 Test 9: Kitchen oil fire, Domestic system, Non-ventilated, Bedroom door open

3.9.1 Test Description

Test 9 was conducted on 21 April 2017. The conditions during testing are summarised in Table 19 below.

Table 19 Atmospheric conditions (Mean (S.D.)) internal to the unit pre-test, and external to the unit during Test 9.

In Test 9, a pan containing 500 ml of preheated vegetable oil was placed on the live electric stove in the Kitchen at the start of the test. A flame from a butane blow torch was introduced to the oil surface as the temperature reached the ignition range. The arrangement is pictured in Figure 53 and detailed in Figure 54. In this test, both the external and internal doors were closed.

There were seven sprinkler heads in operation in this test: D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7 and D8. The pressure at the meter was set at 250 kPa. All other sprinkler heads were made inoperable. To further challenge the Domestic sprinkler system in this test, 12 L/min was bled from the domestic water supply from the start of the test.

The test duration was approximately 50 minutes, ending at 20 minutes after oil ignition.

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 75

〔图〕1.5MSTEST 9Ag\n

Figure 53 Photo showing the test arrangement in Test 9

〔图〕CHARLIET35HALLBATHROOMBEDROOM 2T14D7T18,19,20,21KITCHEN□T15D6T3T2T17D4T1T16BEDROOM 1T34△D8.T12G2.T13T26,27,28.29VnG1DELT

Figure 54 Map showing the Test 9 arrangement

Document ID: D17/8418

Issued: 10 December 2017

Copyright NSW State Government (FRNSW)

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 76

3.9.2 Results

Fire size and fuel consumption

In Test 9, visible smoke begins to issue from the pan at 9 min 30 s from the start of the test. After a further 20 min 18 s, the oil ignited at a pan temperature of 376.2°C (T37). The elevated flames impinged on the overhead cupboards (Figure 55). The fire consumed a number of items in the vicinity of the flames, but did not spread laterally (Figure 56). The last flames were extinguished at approximately 4 min 27 s after ignition.

〔图〕2017/04/21 11:49:28\n

Figure 55 View of the test fire before sprinkler activation

〔图〕1.5MTEST 9\n

Figure 56 View of the test furnishings at the end of Test 9

Document ID: D17/8418

Issued: 10 December 2017

Copyright NSW State Government (FRNSW)

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 77

Activations

The smoke alarm at the Lounge centre sounded at 21 min 16 s into the test, which was 11 min 46 s after the smoke became visible in the Kitchen, and 8 min 32 s before ignition.

The Kitchen sprinkler head (D4) activated at 1 min 43 s after ignition, 10 min 15 s after the smoke alarm sounded. The peak temperature at the sprinkler head was 144.6°C. The (north) Lounge sprinkler head (D2) activated at 1 min 59 s after ignition, 10 min 31 s after the smoke alarm sounded. The peak temperature at that sprinkler head was 77.9°C.

Water pressure at the meter was 250kPa at the start of the test and 220-230kPa at the sprinkler pipe. During activation, pressure was maintained at 250kPa at the meter and 50kPa at the sprinkler pipe. After both sprinklers activated, the 12L/min that was bled from the system from the start of the test reduced to 4.8 L/min.

〔图〕插图

Figure 57 Sprinkler head activation times and temperatures for Test 9

Temperatures

The maximum temperature reached in the unit was 144.6°C at T2, the thermocouple positioned below the sprinkler D4. This peak occurred at 1 min 43 s after ignition and fell to below 100°C immediately after sprinkler activation.

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 78

Temperatures measured at 1.6 metres remained below 65°C throughout the test, peaking at 29.2°C in Bedroom 1 (T32), 31.8°C (T28) and 38.2°C (T24) in the Lounge room, and 38°C (T20) in the Kitchen. The cumulative heat tenability limit ($FED_{heat} > 0.3$) was not reached at any location.

Smoke Toxicity

At the Lounge centre, gas sampling at 1.6 m (G2) found that irritant concentrations rose to $FEC_{esc} > 0.3$ at 1 min 52 s after ignition. Irritant incapacitation $FEC_{inc}$ 0.3 was reached at 3 min 19 s. $FED_{asp}$ 0.3 was not reached.

In Bedroom 1, $FEC_{esc} > 0.3$ was reached at 2 min 39 s after ignition. $FEC_{inc} > 0.3$ was reached at 3 min 2 s. The cumulative asphyxiant gas concentrations did not reach $FED_{asp} > 0.3$.

〔图〕插图

Figure 58 Chart showing timing of activations and tenability factors for Test 9

Document ID: D17/8418

Issued: 10 December 2017

Copyright NSW State Government (FRNSW)

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 79

Table 20 Summary of Test 9 event timings

3.9.3 Observations

The following was observed from the data:

● With the one head operating in the Kitchen and one in the Lounge room, the oil fire was controlled, did not flash over and did not spread laterally along the kitchen benches. It was noted that the fire did reach and ignite the overhead cupboards; however, the last flames died out approximately 4 ½ minutes after ignition.

● At a height of 1.6 metres, all temperatures in any part of the apartment were below the tenability threshold.

● Aphyxiant incapacitation limits were not reached in the Lounge room or the closed Bedroom; however, the threshold for irritant incapacitation $FEC_{inc}$ 0.3 was reached in the Lounge at 3 min 19 s and at 3 min 2 s in Bedroom 1.

3.10 Test 10: Corner test, Hydrant system, Non-ventilated, Real furniture

3.10.1 Test Description

Test 10 was conducted on 27 April 2017. The conditions during testing are summarised in Table 21 below.

Document ID: D17/8418

Issued: 10 December 2017

Copyright NSW State Government (FRNSW)

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 80

Table 21 Atmospheric conditions (Mean (S.D.)) internal to the unit pre-test, and external to the unit during Test 10.

In this test, the ignition crib was located in the NW corner of the Lounge room under a stylised plywood side table, which was placed in the corner between two 'real' two-seater sofas. The arrangement is pictured in Figure 59 and detailed in Figure 60. In this test, the external doors were closed and the Bedroom 1 door was open. The fuel under the crib was a 1:2 mixture of heptane and water.

There were seven sprinkler heads in operation in this test: H1, H3, H4, H5, H6, H7 and H8. Note that H1 was used in this test instead of H2, the position of which is in accordance with the sprinkler distance in the UL test. The pressure at the meter was set at 700 kPa. All other sprinkler heads were made inoperable.

The test duration was approximately 40 minutes.

〔图〕AS\n

Figure 59 Photo showing the test arrangement for Test 10

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 81

〔图〕CHARLIET35HALLBATHRDOMBEDROOM2T14KITCHENT18,19,20,21口H7T15 T3T2T17.H3T37T1T16H6H434G2T12H8T13T26,27,28,29BRAVOG1DELTAT30

Figure 60 Map showing the Test 10 arrangement

3.10.2 Results

Fire size and fuel consumption

In Test 10, the peak flame height was approximately 2.4 metres or ceiling height (Figure 61). The fire spread to both sofas. The two arm rests were consumed as well as the seat cushion of the northern sofa (Figure 62).

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 82

〔图〕插图

Figure 61 View of the test fire before sprinkler activation

〔图〕EST10--\n

Figure 62 View of the test furnishings at the end of Test 10

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 83

〔图〕插图

Figure 63 View of the ignition crib at the end of Test 10

Activations

Two sprinkler heads activated during the test. H1 activated at 2 min 20 s and H4 in the Kitchen at 2 min 28 s, 46 seconds and 54 seconds after the first smoke alarm activation, respectively. The peak temperatures at the sprinkler heads were 95.1°C at H1, and 86°C at H4.

Temperatures

The maximum temperature reached in the unit was 344.8°C at T36, the thermocouple positioned above the ignition point. This peak occurred at 2 min 29 s after ignition. The temperature fell to below 100°C at 5 min 24 s after ignition.

Temperatures along the paths of egress and in Bedroom 1 at 1.6 metres remained below 65°C throughout the test, peaking at 28°C in Bedroom 1 (T32), 35.8°C at the Lounge centre (T28), and 59.8°C in the Kitchen (T20). The cumulative heat tenability limit ($FED_{heat} > 0.3$) was not reached for any of the three locations.

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 84

〔图〕插图

Figure 64 Sprinkler head activation times and temperatures for Test 10

Smoke Toxicity

At the Lounge centre, gas sampling at 1.6 m (G2) found that irritant concentrations rose to $FEC_{esc}$ > 0.3 at 2 min 23 s and $FEC_{esc}$ > 1 at 4 min 46 s after ignition. Irritant incapacitation $FEC_{inc}$ 0.3 was reached at 3 min 18 s and rose above $FEC_{inc} = 1$ at 7 min 48 s. $FED_{asp}$ 0.3 was reached at 10 min 59 s, and $FED_{asp}$ 1 at 19 min 20 s.

In Bedroom 1, $FEC_{esc}$ > 0.3 was reached at 2 min 46 s and $FEC_{esc}$ > 1 was reached at 8 min 52 s. $FEC_{inc}$ > 0.3 was reached at 5 min 41 s, with $FEC_{inc}$ 1 exceeded after 12 min 3 s. The cumulative asphyxiant gas concentrations rose to $FED_{asp}$ > 0.3 in 14 min 42 s, and exceeded $FED_{asp}$ 1 after 28 min 44 s.

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 85

〔图〕插图

Figure 65 Chart showing timing of activations and tenability factors for Test 10

3.10.3 Observations

The following was observed from the data:

· With only the two heads operating, a shielded fire, and disadvantaged sprinkler head in the H1 position, the fire was controlled, did not flash over and did not spread further along the sofas.

· The temperatures throughout the apartment dropped significantly upon the activation of the sprinkler heads.

· At a height of 1.6 metres, all temperatures in any part of the apartment were below the tenability criteria of 65°C.

· The data indicates that an occupant remaining in the Bedroom with the door open would be safe for at least 5 min 41 s before possibly becoming incapacitated from irritant smoke inhalation. Escape via the most direct egress path would have been possible prior to this.

· FEDasp in the Lounge room remained under 0.3 until 11 minutes into the test.

· FEDasp in Bedroom 1 remained under 0.3 for 14 min 42 s.

· An aspect of this test noted by the research team was that the test had to be terminated at 40 mins due to the amount of water generated and possible water damage to the test

Document ID: D17/8418

Issued: 10 December 2017

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 86

rig. This is obviously due to the additional water flow and pressure that is available from the Hydrant system.

Table 22 Summary of Test 10 event timings

3.11 Test 11: Corner test, Domestic system, Non-ventilated, Real furniture

3.11.1 Test Description

Test 11 was conducted on 2 May 2017. The conditions during testing are summarised in Table 23 below.

Table 23 Atmospheric conditions (Mean (S.D.)) internal to the unit pre-test, and external to the unit during Test 11.

Document ID: D17/8418

Issued: 10 December 2017

Copyright NSW State Government (FRNSW)

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 87

The arrangement for this test was identical to that of Test 10, except for the ventilation characteristics. The ignition crib was located in the NW corner of the Lounge room under a stylised plywood side table, which was placed in the corner between two ‘real’ two-seater sofas. The arrangement is pictured in Figure 66 and detailed in Figure 67. In this test, the SOU door at the Kitchen was closed, and the sliding door to the Lounge room was open, but with a baffle installed to expose a 500 mm gap from the floor. The Bedroom 1 door was closed. The fuel under the crib was a 1:2 mixture of heptane and water.

There were seven sprinkler heads in operation in this test: D1, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7 and D8. The pressure at the meter was set at 250 kPa. All other sprinkler heads were made inoperable. To further challenge the Domestic sprinkler system in this test, 12 L/min was bled from the domestic water supply from the start of the test.

The test duration was approximately 50 minutes.

〔图〕*\n

Figure 66 Photo showing the test arrangement for Test 11

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 88

〔图〕CHARLIET35HALLBATHRDOMBEDROOM2T14D7T18,19,20,21KITCHEN口T15 =D6T17T3T37D4T16 *T34D8G2T12=T13T26,27,28.29AV■DELTAG1T30,31,

Figure 67 Map showing the Test 11 arrangement

3.11.2 Results

Fire size and fuel consumption

In Test 11, the peak flame height was approximately 1.5 metres (Figure 68). The fire spread to both sofas. The two arm rests were consumed as well as one seat cushion from each sofa (Figure 69).

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 89

〔图〕插图

Figure 68 View of the test fire before sprinkler activation

〔图〕ESIOENTAL SPTEST 112M\n

Figure 69 View of the test furnishings at the end of Test 11

Activations

Two sprinkler heads activated during the test. D2 activated at 1 min 39 s and D3 at 2 min 3 s, 5 seconds before and 19 seconds after the first smoke alarm activation, respectively. The peak temperatures at the sprinkler heads were 93.1°C at D2, and 86.8°C at D3.

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 90

The mains water pressure of 240 kPa at the meter reduced to 150 kPa after the first sprinkler activation, then 90 kPa after the second sprinkler activation. After both sprinklers activated, the 12 L/min that was bled from the system from the start of the test reduced to 7.5 L/min.

Temperatures

The maximum temperature reached in the unit was 250.7°C at T36, the thermocouple positioned above the ignition point. This peak occurred at 1 min 45 s after ignition. The temperature fell to below 100°C at 12 min 6 s after ignition.

Temperatures along the paths of egress and in Bedroom 1 at 1.6 metres remained below 65°C throughout the test, peaking at 21.4°C in Bedroom 1 (T32), 40.6°C at the Lounge centre (T28), and 50°C in the Kitchen (T20). The cumulative heat tenability limit ($FED_{heat} > 0.3$) was not reached for any of the three locations.

Test 11 Thermocouple Readings at Sprinkler Heads

〔图〕插图

Figure 70 Sprinkler head activation times and temperatures for Test 11

Smoke Toxicity

At the Lounge centre, gas sampling at 1.6 m (G2) found that irritant concentrations rose to $FEC_{esc} > 0.3$ at 1 min 44 s and $FEC_{esc} > 1$ at 3 min 27 s after ignition. Irritant incapacitation

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 91

$FEC_{inc}$ 0.3 was reached at 2 min 39 s and rose above $FEC_{inc} = 1$ at 5 min 2 s. $FED_{asp}$ 0.3 was reached at 8 min 29 s, and $FED_{asp}$ 1 at 14 min 50 s.

In Bedroom 1, $FEC_{esc} > 0.3$ was reached at 6 min 38 s and $FEC_{esc} > 1$ was reached at 12 min 27 s. $FEC_{inc} > 0.3$ was reached at 10 min 36 s, with $FEC_{inc} 1$ exceeded after 22 min 31 s. The cumulative asphyxiant gas concentrations rose to $FED_{asp} > 0.3$ in 20 min 32 s, and exceeded $FED_{asp} 1$ after 39 min 52 s.

〔图〕插图

Figure 71 Chart showing timing of activations and tenability factors for Test 11

3.11.3 Observations

The following was observed from the data:

· With only the two heads operating, the fire was controlled, did not flash over and did not spread further along the sofas.

· With the 'real' furniture fire load, a significantly shielded fire and with only two heads operating, the sprinkler system effectively delivered enough water to prevent the fire from spreading, preventing flashover and providing tenable temperature conditions at a height of 1.6 metres.

· At a height of 1.6 metres, all temperatures in any part of the unit were below the tenability criteria of 65°C.

Document ID: D17/8418

Issued: 10 December 2017

Copyright NSW State Government (FRNSW)

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 92

· The data indicates that an occupant remaining in the Bedroom with the door open would be safe for at least 10 ½ minutes before possibly becoming incapacitated from irritant smoke inhalation. Escape via the most direct egress path would have been possible prior to this.

· FEDasp in the Lounge room remained under 0.3 for 8 1/2 minutes into the test.

· FEDasp for Bedroom 1 remained under 0.3 for 20 1/2 minutes.

Table 24 Summary of Test 11 event timings

3.12 Test 12: Corner test, Domestic system, Ventilated, Stylised furniture, Bedroom door open

3.12.1 Test Description

Test 12 was conducted on 12 May 2017. The conditions during testing are summarised in Table 25 below.

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 93

In this test, the ignition crib was located in the NW corner of the Lounge room under a stylised plywood side table, which was placed in the corner between two stylised sofas. The arrangement is pictured in Figure 72 and detailed in Figure 73. In this test, the external doors were open and the Bedroom 1 door was open. The fuel under the crib was a 1:2 mixture of heptane and water.

Table 25 Atmospheric conditions (Mean (S.D.)) internal to the unit pre-test, and external to the unit during Test 12.

There were seven sprinkler heads in operation in this test: L2, L3, L4, L5, L6, L7 and L8. The pressure at the meter was set at 150 kPa, 40 kPa at the sprinkler head. All other sprinkler heads were made inoperable. To further challenge the Domestic sprinkler system in this test, 12 L/min was bled from the domestic water supply from the start of the test.

The test duration was approximately 50 minutes.

〔图〕16/10\n

Figure 72 Photo showing the test arrangement for Test 12

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 94

〔图〕T35CHARLIE△BATHRDOMHALLBEDROOM2T14口D7KITCHENT18,19,20,21口T15.D6T17 T3T37D4T16T34人D8G2T12T13T26,27,28.29BRAVODELTAG1T30,3

Figure 73 Map showing the Test 12 arrangement

3.12.2 Results

Fire size and fuel consumption

In Test 12, the peak flame height was approximately 1.5 metres (Figure 74). The fire spread to both sofas, consuming most of the foam cushions by test end (Figure 75).

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 95

〔图〕2017/05/12 11:11:20\n

Figure 74 View of the test fire before sprinkler activation

〔图〕2017/05/12 12:02:47\n

Figure 75 View of the test furnishings at the end of Test 12

Activations

Three sprinkler heads activated during the test. D2 activated at 1 min 37 s, D4 at 2 min 10 s, and D3 at 2 min 18 s, 16, 49 and 57 seconds after the first smoke alarm activation, respectively. The peak temperatures at the sprinkler heads were 101.1°C at D2, 85.5°C at D4, and 97.6°C at D3.

After the sprinklers activated, the 12 L/min that was bled from the system from the start of the test reduced to 5.4 L/min.

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 96

Test 12 Thermocouple Readings at Sprinkler Heads

〔图〕插图

Figure 76 Sprinkler head activation times and temperatures for Test 12

Temperatures

The maximum temperature reached in the unit was 328.1°C at T36, the thermocouple positioned above the ignition point. This peak occurred at 2 min 53 s after ignition. The temperature fell to below 100°C at 14 minutes after ignition.

Temperatures along the paths of egress and in Bedroom 1 at 1.6 metres remained below 65°C throughout the test, peaking at 56.2°C in Bedroom 1 (T32), 45.2°C at the Lounge centre (T28), and 45.7°C in the Kitchen (T20). The cumulative heat tenability limit ($FED_{heat} > 0.3$) was not reached for any of the three locations.

Smoke Toxicity

At the Lounge centre, gas sampling at 1.6 m (G2) found that irritant concentrations rose to $FEC_{esc} > 0.3$ at 2 min 15 s and $FEC_{esc} > 1$ at 6 min 13 s after ignition. Irritant incapacitation $FEC_{inc}$ 0.3 was reached at 2 min 46 s and rose above $FEC_{inc} = 1$ at 19 min 28 s. $FED_{asp}$ 0.3 was reached at 13 min 06 s, peaking at 0.88 by test end.

In Bedroom 1, $FEC_{esc} > 0.3$ was reached at 2 min 39 s and $FEC_{esc} > 1$ was reached at 5 min 26 s. $FEC_{inc} > 0.3$ was reached at 4 min 7 s, peaking at 0.96 at 25 min 10 s. The cumulative

Document ID: D17/8418

Issued: 10 December 2017

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 97

asphyxiant gas concentrations rose to $FED_{asp} > 0.3$ in 27 min 49 s, peaking at 0.43 by test end.

〔图〕插图

Figure 77 Chart showing timing of activations and tenability factors for Test 12

3.12.3 Observations

The following was observed from the data:

● With three heads operating and a significantly reduced pressure, the ventilated fire was controlled and did not flash over. The two sofas were, however, fully consumed.

· At a height of 1.6 metres, all temperatures in any part of the apartment remained below the tenability criteria of 65°C, except in the NW corner adjacent to the fire where the temperature peaked at 74.7°C.

· The data indicates that an occupant remaining in the Bedroom with the door open would be safe for at least 4 minutes before possibly becoming incapacitated from irritant smoke inhalation. Escape via the most direct egress path would have been possible prior to this.

· FEDasp in the Lounge room remained under 0.3 for 13 minutes.

· FEDasp in Bedroom 1 remained under 0.3 for 27 min 49 s.

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 98

Table 26 Summary of Test 12 event timings

3.13 Test 13: Corner test, Domestic system, Non-ventilated, Real furniture, Bedroom door open

3.13.1 Test Description

Test 13 was conducted on 16 May 2017. The conditions during testing are summarised in Table 27 below.

Table 27 Atmospheric conditions (Mean (S.D.)) internal to the unit pre-test, and external to the unit during Test 13.

In this test, the ignition crib was located in the NW corner of the Lounge room under a stylised plywood side table, which was placed in the corner between two 'real' two-seater sofas. The

Document ID: D17/8418

Issued: 10 December 2017

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 99

arrangement is pictured in Figure 78 and detailed in Figure 79. In this test, the external doors were closed and the Bedroom 1 door was open. The fuel under the crib was a 1:2 mixture of heptane and water.

There were seven sprinkler heads in operation in this test: D1, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7 and D8. The pressure at the meter was set at 200 kPa. All other sprinkler heads were made inoperable. To further challenge the Domestic sprinkler system in this test, 12 L/min was bled from the domestic water supply from the start of the test.

The test duration was approximately 50 minutes.

〔图〕插图

Figure 78 Photo showing the test arrangement for Test 13

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 100

〔图〕CHARLIET35BATHRHALLDOMBEDROOM2T14 D7KITCHENT18,19,20,21口T15D6T2T17T337D4T16=T34D8G2T13T26,27,28,29.DELTAG1T30,31,32,33BE

Figure 79 Map showing the Test 13 arrangement

3.13.2 Results

Fire size and fuel consumption

In Test 13, the peak flame height was approximately 1.5 metres (Figure 80). The fire spread mainly to the western sofa, consuming the side of the arm rest and most of one seat cushion (Figure 81).

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 101

〔图〕2017/05/16 11:08:21 GDB888888\n

Figure 80 View of the test fire before sprinkler activation

〔图〕T3\n

Figure 81 View of the test furnishings at the end of Test 13

Activations

One sprinkler head activated during this test, D1 at 1 min 50 s, which was 9 seconds after the first smoke alarm activation. The peak temperature at the sprinkler heads was 101.4°C.

After sprinkler activation, the 12 L/min that was bled from the system from the start of the test reduced to 10.6 L/min, while the water pressure at the meter fell to 120 kPa.

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 102

Test 13 Thermocouple Readings at Sprinkler Heads

〔图〕插图

Figure 82 Sprinkler head activation times and temperatures for Test 13

Temperatures

The maximum temperature reached in the unit was 249.2°C at T36, the thermocouple positioned above the ignition point. This peak occurred at 2 min 2 s after ignition. The temperature fell to below 100°C at 6 min 35 s after ignition.

The temperature in Bedroom 1 at 1.6 metres (T32) remained below 65°C throughout the test, peaking at 43.9°C. At the Lounge centre (T28), the temperature peaked at 36.3°C; however, at the Kitchen (T20) the temperature was elevated above 65°C between 3 min 2 s and 5 min 6 s, peaking at 70.6°C. The cumulative heat tenability limit ($FED_{heat} > 0.3$) was not reached for any of the three locations.

Smoke Toxicity

At the Lounge centre, gas sampling at 1.6 m (G2) found that irritant concentrations rose to $FEC_{esc} > 0.3$ at 1 min 59 s and $FEC_{esc} > 1$ at 3 min 50 s after ignition. Irritant incapacitation $FEC_{inc}$ 0.3 was reached at 2 min 39 s and rose above $FEC_{inc} = 1$ at 5 min 33 s. $FED_{asp}$ 0.3 was reached at 9 min 16 s, and $FED_{asp}$ 1 at 16 min 33 s.

Document ID: D17/8418

Issued: 10 December 2017

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 103

In Bedroom 1, $FEC_{esc}$ > 0.3 was reached at 3 min 3 s and $FEC_{esc}$ > 1 was reached at 4 min 54 s. $FEC_{inc}$ > 0.3 was reached at 4 min 14 s and rose above $FEC_{inc} = 1$ at 9 min 32 s. The cumulative asphyxiant gas concentrations rose to $FED_{asp}$ > 0.3 in 12 min 43 s, and $FED_{asp}$ 1 at 24 min 30 s.

〔图〕插图

Figure 83 Chart showing timing of activations and tenability factors for Test 13

3.13.3 Observations

The following was observed from the data:

● With one head operating at the maximum spacing and at a reduced pressure, the fire was controlled, did not flash over and did not spread further along the sofas.

● At a height of 1.6 metres, temperatures throughout the unit were below the tenability criteria of 65°C, except in the Kitchen where it peaked at 70.6°C.

● The data indicates that a person in the Bedroom with the door open would remain safe for 4 min 14 s before possibly becoming incapacitated from smoke inhalation. Escape via the most direct egress path would have been possible prior to this.

● FEDasp in the Lounge room remained under 0.3 until 9 min 16 s into the test.

● FEDasp in Bedroom 1 remained under 0.3 for 12 min 43 s.

Document ID: D17/8418

Issued: 10 December 2017

Copyright NSW State Government (FRNSW)

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 104

Table 28 Summary of Test 13 event timings

3.14 Test 14: Corner test, No sprinklers, Ventilated, Real furniture and furnishings, Bedroom door closed

3.14.1 Test Description

Test 14 was conducted on 19 May 2017. The conditions during testing are summarised in Table 29 below.

Table 29 Atmospheric conditions (Mean (S.D.)) internal to the unit pre-test, and external to the unit during Test 14.

Document ID: D17/8418

Issued: 10 December 2017

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 105

In this test, the ignition crib was located in the NW corner of the Lounge room under a stylised plywood side table, which was placed in the corner between two ‘real’ two-seater sofas. The entire living space is furnished with additional furniture and décor. The arrangement is pictured in Figure 84 and detailed in Figure 85. In this test, the external doors were open and the Bedroom 1 door was open. The fuel under the crib was a 1:2 mixture of heptane and water.

There were no sprinkler heads in operation during this test. Firefighters were on hand to extinguish the blaze.

The test duration was approximately 8 min 44 s.

〔图〕插图

Figure 84 Photo showing the test arrangement for Test 13

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 106

〔图〕T35CHARLIEHALLBATHRDOMBEDROOM2T14KITCHENT18,19,20,21口T15T17T3T2T11T37T1T16T34G212T13T26,27,28,29O^v88G1DELTAT30,31,32,33

Figure 85 Map showing the Test 14 arrangement

3.14.2 Results

Fire size and fuel consumption

In Test 14, the peak flame height was approximately 2.4 metres or ceiling height (Figure 86). The fire spread to full room involvement (Figure 87).

Activations

The first smoke alarm activated at 57 seconds after ignition. There were no sprinkler activations in this test as all heads were inoperable.

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 107

〔图〕插图

Figure 86 Views of the developing test fire. Note the height of the smoke layer.

〔图〕插图

Figure 87 View of the test furnishings at the end of Test 14

Temperatures

The maximum temperature reached in the unit was 918°C at T22, the thermocouple positioned at the ceiling in the NW corner of the Lounge room. This peak occurred at 3 min 42 s after ignition.

The temperatures measured at 1.6 metres rose above 65°C at the Lounge centre (T28) and Kitchen (T20) at 2 min 45 s, peaking at 568.8°C and 507.3°C respectively. In Bedroom 1, the temperature at 1.6 m (T32) reached 65°C at 4 min 22 s, peaking at 149.7°C.

The cumulative heat tenability limit $FED_{heat} > 0.3$ was reached at 3 min 18 s in the Kitchen, 3 min 22 s in the Lounge room, and 6 min 2 s in Bedroom 1.

Smoke Toxicity

At the Lounge centre, gas sampling at 1.6 m (G2) found that irritant concentrations rose to $FEC_{esc} > 0.3$ in 16 s and $FEC_{esc} > 1$ at 1 min 19 s after ignition. Irritant incapacitation $FEC_{inc}$

Document ID: D17/8418

Issued: 10 December 2017

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 108

1. 3 was reached at 1 min 27 s and rose above $FEC_{inc} = 1$ at 2 min 55 s. $FED_{asp}$ 0.3 was reached at 3 min 19 s, and $FED_{asp}$ 1 at 3 min 27 s.

In Bedroom 1, $FEC_{esc} > 0.3$ was reached at 3 min 19 s and $FEC_{esc} > 1$ was reached at 3 min 26 s. $FEC_{inc} > 0.3$ was reached at 3 min 26 s and rose above $FEC_{inc} = 1$ at 3 min 34 s. The cumulative asphyxiant gas concentrations rose to $FED_{asp} > 0.3$ in 3 min 50 s, and $FED_{asp} 1$ at 3 min 58 s.

〔图〕插图

Figure 88 Chart showing timing of activations and tenability factors for Test 14

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 109

Table 30 Summary of Test 14 event timings

3.14.3 Observations

The following was observed from the data:

· In this non-sprinklered test, the available safe egress time after smoke alarm activation was approximately 30 seconds before irritant gas levels became incapacitating in the Lounge area.

· Flashover occurred in the main area of the unit in 3 ½ minutes from ignition.

● Heat tenability was lost in approximately 3 1/2 minutes in the Lounge and Kitchen, and 6 minutes in the closed Bedroom.

● The smoke concentrations throughout the unit rendered it untenable within 4 minutes.

4 SUMMARY

1. 1 Overall results

1. 1.1 Non-sprinklered test benchmark

As a comparison benchmark, the last test was undertaken without sprinklers and was free to burn. The fire scenario was similar to the other tests, with the fire source in the corner of the main lounge area. The data from this test showed that:

Toxicity

The FEDasp in the bedroom reached 0.3 at 3 min 50 s with bedroom doors closed.

Temperatures

The peak temperature of 918°C was reached in 3 min 42 s. It is assumed that after this time there was no tenability.

1. 1.2 Sprinklered tests Toxicity

In all tests, regardless of ventilated or non-ventilated, bedroom doors open or closed, or the fire scenario, the shortest time taken to reach FEDasp 0.3 was 3 min 59 s in the Bedroom in Test 8. This test was with the Domestic sprinkler system with all heads charged, non-ventilated fire in the bedroom, bedroom door closed, the fire source in the NW corner of the bedroom under the stylised bed.

The longest time taken to reach FEDasp 0.3 was 37 min 53 s with a non-ventilated fire and the bedroom door closed. This was testing the Hydrant system.

It should be noted that in Tests 1, 2, and 3, the tests only ran for 8–12 minutes. The FEDasp was very low and the reasonable expectation is that the time to reach 0.3 would be a significantly longer time.

Of the tests than ran longer than 13 minutes, the average time to reach FEDasp 0.3, with the bedroom doors closed was 26 min 34 s, and the average time with the bedroom doors open was 19 min 26 s.

Temperatures

The peak temperature measured reached in all the sprinkler tests was 372°C in Test 4, being the Domestic system. No flashover occurred in any sprinklered test. The peak temperatures measured were generally at ceiling height, directly above the fire.

As such, FRNSW’s testing demonstrated that both sprinkler design concepts achieve the tenability criteria targets. FRNSW’s tests provide evidence that an occupant would have at least four times as long to escape from the fire or seek refuge in the Sole Occupancy Unit (SOU) than in the same apartment without sprinkler protection.

1. 1.3 Domestic sprinkler system results Temperatures

• In all tests, the sprinkler heads successfully operated.

• Number of heads activated was between one and four, with the most common being two heads.

• The average peak temperature measured was 267°C (SD = 90°C).

• Sprinkler heads activated at most 55 seconds after the activation of the smoke alarms.

• Flashover temperatures were not reached, and were significantly below this

temperature.

• Except for the bedroom fire, all temperatures measured were well within both tenability criteria in the bedrooms for all tests.

• Emergency evacuation was possible at all times, at 1 metre in all areas, even in peak temperatures.

• The egress path from the bedroom to the SOU door at peak temperatures at 1.6 metres was tenable except in Test 3, with the fire in the Lounge Centre, (therefore impacting on egress route) at 1.6 metres reached 94°C. At 1 metre height, the peak temperature was 33°C. Evacuation may have been possible, depending upon exposure time.

• The egress path from the bedroom to the SOU door at peak temperatures at 1.6 metres was tenable or was not exceeded significantly in all but two tests. In Test 1 the

temperature at 1.6 metres in the Kitchen peaked at 105°C and in Test 3 the temperature in the Lounge Centre peaked at 94°C. Evacuation still may have been possible,

depending upon exposure time.

• In all tests 65°C was not exceeded at the 1 metre height.

Toxicity

• The worst toxicity level measured in the bedroom was at 12 min 43 s in Test 13 with two heads activated, ventilated fire, real furniture, fire in the Lounge NW corner with the

bedroom doors open.

• The longest time to activation was in Test 3, which was a ventilated fire in the centre of the Lounge and the bedroom door closed. There were four sprinkler activations within 14 seconds, and FEDasp remained under 0.3 for the entire test.

1. 1.4 Hydrant sprinkler system results Temperatures

• The average peak temperature was 314°C (SD = 52°C).

• The egress path from the bedroom to the SOU door was, in all tests, was below the temperature tenability criteria of 65°C.

• In all tests, the heads activated successfully.

• In two tests, two heads activated and in one test, only one head activated.

• Sprinkler heads activated between 29 seconds and 1 min 14 s after the activation of the smoke alarm.

• Flashover temperatures were not reached.

• Emergency evacuation was possible from all parts of the apartment at peak

temperatures.

Toxicity

• Note that only three tests were undertaken as the system is compliant with the Standard and therefore considered reliable and effective.

• Test 1 ran for 13 minutes and did not reach FEDasp of 0.3 in that time in both the lounge room and the bedroom. It would be a reasonable assumption that the time would in fact be significantly longer to reach 0.3.

• In Test 5, with the bedroom door closed, the time to FEDasp of 0.3 was 37 min 53 s.

• In Test 10 with the bedroom door open, the time to FEDasp of 0.3 was 14 min 42 s.

• From these tests, the time to reach the FEDasp 0.3 was significantly higher than the

benchmark non-sprinklered fire:

 With bedroom door open, tenability times improved four-fold

 With bedroom door closed, tenability times improved ten-fold.

1. 2 General comments

The effectiveness of sprinklers has been known for some time and supported by numerous test programs and research case studies. While the tests in this study were conducted only on one particular sprinkler head specification, the results when compared with the nonsprinklered fire well supported the use of sprinklers in residential fires.

1. 2.1 Activation times

Sprinkler activation times are summarised in Table C 2 in Appendix C. First sprinkler activation times in the 13 sprinklered tests ranged from 58 to 140 seconds after ignition (M = 95.5, SD =

1. 8). For the Domestic system, sprinkler activation time ranged from 58 to 115 seconds (M =

1. 7, SD = 18.9), and the Hydrant system ranged from 80 to 140 seconds (M = 105, SD =

1. 2).

Sprinkler activation temperatures ranged between 77.9°C to 144.6°C (M = 95.8, SD = 14.6).

In Test 14, temperatures measured at the sprinkler heads closest to the fire origin (T4, T5, T6,T7) show that they would have activated between 1 min 37 s and 2 min 41 s. The activation of at least one of these sprinklers would most likely have controlled the fire and prevented the flashover temperatures being reached at 3 min 42 s.

1. 2.2 Effects on heat tenability

Sprinkler activations had the effect of cooling conditions within the unit, and preventing fire

growth. It was found that the additional water flow and pressure from the Hydrant system

dropped the temperatures quicker and less heads operated than in the Domestic system.

Heat tenability thresholds were reached in five of the 13 sprinklered tests (Table C 5). To be considered is the potential for water damage from flooding.

At the Lounge centre, the temperature at a height of 1.6 metres was elevated above 65°C in Tests 3 and 4, involving the Domestic sprinkler system. The cumulative fractional effective dose for convective heat (FEDheat) reached 0.3 in Test 3. The heat levels in these tests would not have affected an escaping occupant, but rather an occupant either impaired or incapacitated in the vicinity of the Lounge centre during the fire.

At the Kitchen, the temperature at a height of 1.6 metres was elevated above 65°C in Tests 1, 4, 6 and 13, again all involving the Domestic sprinkler system. The cumulative fractional effective dose for convective heat FEDheat reached 0.3 in Tests 1 and 6. The heat levels in these tests would not have affected an escaping occupant, but rather an occupant either impaired or incapacitated in the vicinity of the Kitchen during the fire.

In Bedroom 1, heat tenability thresholds were not exceeded in any of the sprinklered tests.

In the non-sprinklered test (Test 14), the heat tenability thresholds were all exceeded within 6 minutes of ignition.

1. 2.3 Effects on toxic tenability

Times to reach smoke tenability thresholds are summarised in Table C 3 and Table C 4 in Appendix C.

Times to reach irritant-induced escape impairment, incapacitation and asphyxiant-induced incapacitation were significantly increased in most tests in comparison with those in the nonsprinklered test.

While sprinkler activations did not necessarily cease the growth in irritant and asphyxiant concentrations during the fires, as they did not completely extinguish the fires, they aided in controlling fire growth and in most cases the amount of polyurethane consumed. Water sprays also had the effect of ‘scrubbing’, or acting as a physical barrier to smoke travel within the unit. With the varied toxicity levels within the unit, coupled with a relatively controlled fire and tenable temperatures, there is a possibility that occupants may misjudge the risk of remaining in place or returning into the environment to retrieve their belongings. These results reveal a need to reinforce the public safety messaging to “Get out, stay out, call Triple Zero (000)” even in a sprinklered fire, and the importance of educating the public on closing doors to compartmentalise the fire.

5 RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the results of tests undertaken in this fire research program and within the limitations of the number and type of scenarios tested, it is clear the activation of automatic fire sprinklers significantly improves the tenability of occupants in the event of a fire. The improvement in temperatures and atmospheric toxicity also significantly improves conditions for firefighters, resulting in a safer operating environment at the time of fire brigade intervention. It is therefore recommended that:

1. The two tested concept designs be finalised and used to support a Proposal for Change to the 2019 National Construction Code that mandates sprinklers in new Class 2 and Class 3 shared residential accommodation buildings up to 25 metres in effective height.

1. Further fire research be undertaken by FRNSW and its research partners to develop and test cost-effective and reliable sprinkler systems for application in other residential structures, particularly Class 1 buildings.

1. Develop and implement a public education program to reinforce the “Get out, stay out, call Triple Zero (000)” message as pertaining to sprinklered homes.

6 REFERENCES

Abraham, J., & Webb, A. (2017). Literature review on low cost residential sprinkler system

and approval test methods (No. EP165250). Clayton South, VIC: CSIRO.

C Duncan, C. (2001). Cost effective domestic fire sprinkler system (No. 91). NZ: Building

Research of New Zealand (BRANZ).

Cote, A. E. (1983). Field test and evaluation of residential sprinkler systems: Part 1. Fire

Technology, 19(4), 221–32.

Dillon, H. (2012). Inquest into the death of Connie Zhang / Inquiry into fire at Unit 53, 4 West Terrace, Bankstown (No. 2012/00279934). NSW Coroners Court. Retrieved from

http://www.coroners.justice.nsw.gov.au/Documents/Zhang%20findings%2018%2009%2015%20FINAL.pdf

FM 2030. (2009). Approval Standard for Residential Automatic Sprinklers for Fire Protection. FM Approvals.

International Standards Organization. (2012). ISO 13571:2012(E) Life-threatening

components of fire - Guidelines for the estimation of time to compromised tenability in fires (Standard No. ISO 13571:2012). Geneva: International Standards Organization.

Kung, H., Haines, D., & Green Jr, R. (1978). Development of Low-Cost Residential Sprinkler Protection. Norwood, MA: Factory Mutual Research Corp.

National Fire Protection Association., & Society of Fire Protection Engineers. (2002). SFPE handbook of fire protection engineering. Quincy, Mass.; Bethesda, Md.: National Fire

Protection Association; Society of Fire Protection Engineers.

Purser, D. A. (2008). Toxicity assessment of combustion products. In P. J. DiNenno (Ed.),

SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering (4th ed., pp. 96–193). Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association.

Purser, D. A. (2010). 3 - Hazards from smoke and irritants. In Fire Toxicity (pp. 51–117).

Woodhead Publishing. Retrieved from

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781845695026500038

Standards Australia. (2008a). AS 2118.5 Automatic fire sprinkler systems: Home fire

sprinkler systems. Sydney, Australia: Standards Australia.

Standards Australia. (2008b). AS 2118.5-2008 Automatic fire sprinkler systems Part 5:

Home fire sprinkler systems (Standard No. AS 2118.5-2008). Sydney: Standards Australia. Standards Australia. (2012). AS 2118.4 Automatic fire sprinkler systems: Sprinkler protection for accomodation buildings not exceeding four storeys in height (p. 41). Sydney, Australia:

Standards Australia.

Underwriters Laboratory, Inc. (2012). UL 1626 Residential Sprinklers for Fire Protection

Service - Fourth Edition (Standard). American National Standard (ANSI).

US Environmental Protection Agency. (2016). Access Acute Exposure Guideline Levels

(AEGLs) Values. Retrieved 7 May 2016, from https://www.epa.gov/aegl/access-acuteexposure-guideline-levels-aegls-values

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 117

APPENDIX A Tenability Criteria

A.1 Smoke/gas toxicity

The formulae used to calculate Fractional Effective Dose (FED) for asphyxiant gases, and Fractional Effective Concentrations (FEC) for irritant gases are detailed in the SPFE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering by Purser (2008) and in ISO 13571 Life-threatening components of fire — Guidelines for the estimation of time to compromised tenability in fires (International Standards Organization, 2012). FED or FEC values of 1 correspond to a median value of human responses to the toxicological insult (International Standards Organization, 2012), i.e. the value at which 50% of the population is susceptible to the insult. A more conservative threshold of 0.3 represents a value that statistically affects 11.4% of the population, which can be considered to be the most vulnerable.

Table A1 details the gases monitored during the tests and the reference concentration values used where available in the calculations.

Table A1. Tenability limits used in gas calculations

SFPE (National Fire Protection Association. & Society of Fire Protection Engineers, 2002) AEGL (US Environmental Protection Agency, 2016)

Document ID: D17/8418

Issued: 10 December 2017

Copyright NSW State Government (FRNSW)

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 118

Table A1. Tenability limits used in gas calculations – cont.

SFPE (National Fire Protection Association. & Society of Fire Protection Engineers., 2002)

AEGL (US Environmental Protection Agency, 2016)

A.2 Heat tenability

Purser (2008) calculated a Fractional Effective Dose for convective heat using recorded temperature measurements T(°C). The threshold value of 1 represents extreme pain resulting in incapacitation in 50% of the population.

$$FED_{\text{conv heat}} = \sum_{t1}^{t2} \left( \frac{1}{5 \times 10^7 T^{-3.4}} \right) \Delta t$$

In addition, a temperature threshold value of 65°C is used for a saturated atmosphere in which the occupant is not able to breathe properly.

Document ID: D17/8418

Issued: 10 December 2017

Copyright NSW State Government (FRNSW)

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 119

APPENDIX B Sprinkler head specifications

![tycoWoridwidewww.tyco-fir.comFire ProtectionContactsProductsRAPID RESPONSE Series LFII Residential Sprinklers4.9 K-factor Domed-Plate Concealed PendentWet Pipe and Dry Pipe Systems●wat and dry pipo sprinkler systamsGeneralfor tha rasidantial portions of any occupancy per NFPA 13DescriptionThe Sorias LFIl Resildontial SprinkiorsTYCORAPIDTheRESPONSEhave boan designed with haat son-Sarios LFll Roskdontial Domed-Platositvity and watar distibution char-Concnalod Pondont 4.9 K-factoractaristios proven to halp in theSprinkiars (TY2234) ano doooraiva,fascontroll of reeldiantial firs and to im-rsponsa, frangibie bulb sprinkiors do-proo the chanco for occupants toslghad for use in resldantial occupan-ascapa or be evaouatadclos such as homas, apartmants,dor-The Sarias LFIl Raskdontial Domedmltories,and hotals.Plata Concalod Pandant SprinklorsThe Cover Plata/Fatainer Assembly(TY2234) ama shlppod with a DisposablaNOTICEProtactive Cap. The Protoctive Capconcoals the sprinkiar operatingcomponants abovo the collhg.ThaThe Sarias LFII Fiasldontial Domedis tomporarly romoved for Instala-domied profio of the covar plafo pro-Plato Canoaaiod Pandant Sprinklanton,and it must bo raplacod to pro-(TY2234) doscbod harain must bvidos aosthoticaly appoaling sprin-toct tha sprinkiar whika the callng isklor dosign with lowor flow ratos thanbaing Inestalilad or finishad.The tip ofthainstalod and mantaind in compilcan be achlavad by lowar proflo covaProtoctive Cap can ao be used toance wh ths dooumant and the apmark the cantar of the calllng hola Intoplicabio sindards of the Nationplatas.The soparabio two-pleca do-Fira Protection Assoclation, in additiovsign of the Cover Pato and Supportplastor boaard or oolling tllos by ganttyCOp Assamblios aliows instalation ofto the standands of any authontias havpushing the calllng product againist thathe sprinklors and prossuro tosting ofing/unisaiction.Failurg to do so may imProtacfva Cap. Whien calling Installathe firu protection systam prior to thiopalr the porformance of thase daviooston is compiata, the Protnctive CapInstallation of tha caling or appilicationmust ba removed and tha Cowar PlatoThe owner is masponsibla for maintaininof a finish ooating.Assambly Installad. Tha Proteativa Capthalr firg protaction systom and dawicamust be ramoved to ansur propeAlso, the soparablo "push-on andin proper oparating condition. Contacparformance of the sprinkiarsthraad-of" two-place daslgn of thethe Irstang contmactor or sprinilaSprinklar provldas for 1/2 lnch (12,7manufoctunor with any quastionsDry Pipe System Applicatiommim) of wortical ad|ustmantThe Sarios LFII Rosldontial Domed-Plata Concaalad Pandent SprinklorsSprinklerThe Serias LFII Resldontial Sprinkiors(TY2234 Listing offors a laboratory(TY2234] ara Intandad for usa in tha ftolIdentificationapprovad opton for dasigning dry pipefowing sconariosroaidantial sprinkdor srysams,wtoncas●wat and dry pipa roeldiantial sprinklamost rasldantial sprinkiars ana laboraNumber (SIN)sysos for ona- and two-famhytory approved for wat sysams only.dwelings and moblo homes paTY2234Throuch adorshva tostina.It has baonNFFA 13Ddotamiined that tho numbar of deslon● wat and dry pipa reeidantial sprinklosprinidors hydraulo dosign aroa forTechnicalsystoms for nesidantial oooupandiaste Sorias LFII Rosidanfial Domiodup to and Including four sforias inPlata Concaalod Pandent SprinklrsDatahalght per NFFA 13R(TY2234]| nood not be incrsad ovarthe numiber of dasign sprinkdars hy-Approvalsdrullc dosign amaa) as spocitiad for wauL Listad for usa with wat pipe and dnpipe sprinkr systdime, as is customaryIMPORTANTpipe systamsfor danstyaraa sprinklor systons do-Always rofar to Tachnical Datasigned per NFPA 13C-UL Listedwitfor uonlyShoet TFP700 for te "WSTALLERwat pipo syestamsLFIWAFMWG" that providos caudionsConeoquonthy,theSorinsRosidantial Domed-Plate Concaaladwith respoct to handling and Instal-NYC Approved under MEA 44-03-Eiation of sprinidor systoms and com-Pandant Sprinkiars offar the fatures oThe Sarks LFIl Raskdontial Domednon-water fllad plpa in addition to nopononts.Impropar handlng and in-Plata Conoaaled Pandant Sprinklorhaving to Increaso the numbar of dostalation can parmanantly damagoare onily listod with the Sarios LFIsign sprinklers (nydraullo design aoa sponinlor systom or its compo-Rasidantal Domed-Plata Concaalofof systate daslighad to NFPA 13,13Dnants and causo the sprintlar fo falPandant Covar Patae having a factonor 13R.Non-wator filled pipe will paitto oparato in a fire shtudtion or causpappliad finish.it to oparato pramaturalyoptions for aroas sansiva to froazing\n](5/c30bHCsB7t5ziiaOum9G8B/pdf_78ab0cf185284213efdf3845e35acd1e_4f823848ffaf7ea8c2c536938451a84b7490560193474857/tmp_zip_img/333e9ed6-520f-40f5-816f-eefc1bdb9e71.png) Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 120

TFP450

Page 2 of 6

![SEAINGFRAMEASSEMELY(1/2"NPTWENCHBUTTONFLATSSJPPORTCUIP WITHSPRINKLERROLL FORIMED。STRAP (SEETHREADSINSTALLATIONSECTIONBULBDEFLECTORCOMPRESSICNSPRINKLER/SUIPPORT CUPSCREWASSEMBLYRETANERTHREAD INTO。SUPPORT CUPWTTH THREADLINTIL MOUNTINGTAESSURFACE ISFLUSH WITHEECTIONCEILINGSPRINGSOLDERCOWERTABSPPLATECOVER PLATE/RETAINERASSEMBLYFIGURE 1RAPID RESPONSE SERIES LFI RESIDENTIALCONCEALED PENDENT SPRINKLERS (TY2234Shown with Sprinilar Strap)For datails on thasa approvals,rafer toPhysical CharactoristicsFnamaotha Dasign Critaria socfion.iuttonorurAll Iistad covar plates and oorrspond-Sualing Aasambly.GerylumIng part numbars having factory applladNickl w/TLONbfnishos can be found In tha OrdaringScCorrcralnProoadur soction of this data shoatDefacior...CopporHatton Ejpction SptinMaximum Working PressureSupport CupShk175 psl (12,1 barCovar PlartoFiotainaraDlischarge CoefficientCovar Ptato ljection SipringStaininax StndK=4.9 GPM/psl1/2(70,6 LPM/bar1/2]OperationTemperature Rating155"F(68°C| Sprinkier withWhan axposad to hoat from a flrg,the139F (50C| Cowar PiataCowar Plata, which is normally soldardVertical Adjustmento the Support Cup at three polnts, fallsaway to caposn tha Sprfnkiar Asombily.1/2 Inch (12,7mmTha glass bub contains a fluld thart cx-Finishespandis wham cxposad to haat. Whan thaFiatar to Ordaring Procadura sectionratad tamparafura is rached, the fluldcapands sufficlantiy to shattar tha glassbulb aliowing the sprinklor to activatoand flow watar.\n](5/c30bHCsB7t5ziiaOum9G8B/pdf_78ab0cf185284213efdf3845e35acd1e_4f823848ffaf7ea8c2c536938451a84b7490560193474857/tmp_zip_img/c2eee8ab-508d-41cd-adef-10d578c6aca4.png)

Design Criteria

The TYCO RAPID RESPONSE Series LFII Residential Domed-Plate Concealed Pendent 4.9 K-factor Sprinklers (TY2234) are UL and C-UL Listed for Installation in accordance with this section.

Residential Sprinkler Design Guide When conditions exist that also outside the scope of the provided criteria, refer to the Residential Sprinkler Design Guide TFP490 for the manufacturer's recommendations that may be acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction.

System Types

For the UL Listing, wet pipe and dry pipe systems may be utilized. For the C-UL Listing, only wet pipe systems may be utilized.

Refer to Technical Data Sheet TFP466 about the use of Residential Sprinklers in residential dry pipe systems.

Coiling Types

Smooth flat horizontal, or beamed, or sloped, in accordance with the 2013 Edition of NFPA 13D, 13R, or 13 as applicable.

Hydraulic Design

(NFPA 13D and 13R)

For systems designed to NFPA 13D or NFPA 13R, the minimum required sprinkler flow rate are given in Tables A and B as a function of temperature rating and the maximum allowable coverage areas. The sprinkler flow rate is the minimum required discharge from each of the total number of “design sprinklers” as specified in NFPA 13D or NFPA 13R. The number of “design sprinklers” specified in NFPA 13D and 13R for wet pipe systems is to be applied when designing dry pipe systems.

Hydraulic Design

For systems designed to NFPA 13, the number of design sprinklers is to be the four most hydraulically demanding sprinklers. The minimum required discharge from each of the four sprinklers is to be the greater of the following:

· The flow rates given in Tables A and B as a function of temperature rating and the maximum allowable coverage area.

· A minimum discharge of 0.1 gpmvtt$^{2}$. over the “design area” comprised of the four most hydraulically demanding sprinklers for the actual coverage areas being protected by the four sprinklers.

Document ID: D17/8418

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 121

TFP450 Page 3 of 6

![WET PIPE SYSTENMinimum Flow and Residual PressureMaxmumPgCoyoragoOrdinary Teme.RattingArozMinimum155"F(68CFLxFLDeflector toInstallationSpacing()FL.FloWProssure(mxmCallingTypoPSLGPM(m)(bar)Lminmoh121312:X127.Dconos(3,7)(4(D,46(37x3,714 to414Inchas14X14137.D(4,3x4,2)43)(4)[0,48)Beamad151315X16Callngs per5Cononaiod7.0|p,4[24(4,9x4,)4,(4NFPAY3Dor13R151715X1812.0Inesitalod in,5x5,(64,2(,83Bam 1/4 to a/4Inches bolow20X20202016.7bottom of(a,1x,1)(1)(a,)(1,1e)bsmFor cowarago ama dimrlono laxa tan or behwoen thco Indicaied, we the minimu mxuined flow for tha nexd: high-t covge ara for which hycrwuale ckaign cofloria an xtadoutbHoxpuimeet ix boead on miniumow in GPLPM fro ch xprinkr Tha axoccod raidul pamacakcind uoing the nominoal K-bactoe Haox to Hctraii Deaign anicder the Dolgn Crftioras aacticnFor NFP 3 roouclortial application,the groater of 6.1 gr. over tho deign aa or the flow in accordanco withc.tha crttras in thds bwiblo mud be uoadTABLE AWET PIPE SYSTEMSSERIES LFII RESIDENTIAL DOMED-PLATE CONCEALED PENDENT SPRIKLERS (TY2234)NFPA 13D,13R,AND 13 HYDRAULIC DESIGW CAITEAIADRY PIPE SYSTEMMinimum Flow and Residual PressureMaximumMarimumCowerageOrdinary Termp RatingSpacingMinimumAroar155F(7fC]Ft.FLxFLDofliector toInestallationSpacing(m]FIoWPressuraFL(mxm)CeilingTypaGPMPSI(L/minj(bar1312X1212T0Caillnos(37X3,7](3.74(0,4d1/4to3/414Indhos14X14148.2(A3x4,3(4,23,0(,5Baamod1516X 16159.4Collings par5Concnaled(,9x4,(4,.(D,NFPA 1aD or(2.4)13日1BX15152016TInstaliod in55X5,(757115Baem 144 toa/Inchgs bolqw2020X202220.2bofom of(a,1)1x13,3)(1,30beamFor covnge a diorolx thn or behwean thcaa indicoared,u tho minimurn muind flow for the naudhighoad coveago am for whch hrydrualic dooign crftorta ano atdoxdbFgumoment x bapund on minim fow in CPMLPM trom ach xprinkkec The apcchlod noical praourocauiatod uxing the nominal K-factor Folor to Hydraulic Dioaign undier the Dongn Crftloris xnxction.pFor NFFA 13 mxidontial applicatior,the groudar of 0.1 garatt'ovor the ckoign ama or the flow in accoednco withthe crtborss in thx tabln rt bo udTABLE BDRY PIPE SYSTEMSERIES LFII RESIDENTIAL DOMED-PLATE CONCEALED PENDENT SPRIKLERS (TY2234NFPA 13D,13R,AND 13 HYDRAULIC DESIGW CAITEAIA\n Document ID: D17/8418

Issued: 10 December 2017

Copyright NSW State Government (FRNSW)

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 122

TFP450 Page 4 of 6

〔图〕SPRINKLER-2-1/2"DASLPPORT CLP,mm1/2'(12,7mm)FACE OFABSEMELYTHREADEDSPRINKLER1/2ADJLSTMENTFITTNGNPTCOVERPLATEa/a2"GAP1-3/

DOMED CONCEALED COVER FOR USE WITH RAPID RESPONSE SERIES LFII RESIDENTIAL

CONCEALED PENDENT SPRINKLERS (TY2234) (Shown with Protective Cap)

The number of “design sprinklors” specified in NFFPA 13D and 13R for wet pipe systems is to be applied when designing dry pipe systems.

Dry Pipe System Water Delivery When using the Series LFI Residential Pendent Sprinklers (TY2234) In dry pipe sprinkler systems, the time for water delivery must not exceed 15 seconds for the most remote operating sprinkler.

Obstruction to Water Distribution Sprinklers are to be located in accordance with the obstruction rules of NFPA 13D, 13R, and 13 as applicable for residential sprinklers as well as with the obstruction criteria described within the Technical Data Sheet TFP490.

Operational Sensitivity

The sprinklers are to be installed relative to the ceiling mounting surface as shown in Figure 2.

The Series LFII Residential Domed-Plate Concealed Pendent Sprinkers must not be used in applications where the air pressure above the ceiling is greater than that below. Down drafts through the Support Cup could delay sprinkers operation in a fire situation.

Sprinkler Spacing

The minimum spacing between sprinkliers is 8 feet (2,4 m). The maximum spacing between sprinkliers cannot exceed the length of the coverage area (Table A or B) being hydroulically calculated (e.g., maximum 12 feet for a 12 ft. x 12 ft. coverage area, or 20 feet for a 20 ft. x 20 ft. coverage area).

Installation

The TYCO RAPID RESPONSE Series LFII Residential Domed-Plate Concaled Pondent 4.9 K-factor Sprinklers (TY2234) must be installed in accordance with this section.

General Instructions

Do not install any bulb type sprinkler if the bulb is cracked or there is a loss of liquid from the bulb. With the sprinkler held horizontally, a small air bubble should be present. The diameter of the air bubble is approximately 1/10 inch (1.0 mm).

A leak-light 1/2 inch NPT sprinkler joint should be obtained by applying a minimum-to-maximum torque of 7 to 14 ft.-lbs. (9,5 to 19,0 Nm). Higher levels of torque can distort the sprinkler Inlet with consequent leakage or impairment of the sprinkler.

Do not attempt to compensate for insufficient adjustment in an Escutcheon Plate by under- or over-tightening the Sprinkler. Re-adjust the position of the entinkler fitting to suit.

Step 1. Install the sprinkler in the pendant position and with the centerline of the sprinkler perpendicular to the mounting surface.

Step 2. Remove the Protective Cap. Rator to NFPA 13 for guidance regarding removal of protective straps and caps

Step 3. With pipe thread sealant applied to the pipe threads, and using the W-Type 7 Wrench shown in Figure 3, fistall and tighten the Sprinkler/Support Cup Assembly into the fitting. The W-Type 7 Wrench will accept a 1/2 inch ratchet drive.

WRENCH RECESS

〔图〕曲\n PUSH WRENCH IN TO ENSURE

ENCAGEMENT WITH SPRINKLER G�GING INGLEA

FIGURE 3

W-TYPE 7 RECESSED SPRINKLER WRENCH

Step 4. Replace the Protective Cap by pushing it upwards until it both toms out against the Support Cup. The Protective Cap helps prevent damage to the Deflector and Arms during ceiling installation and/or during application of the finish coating of the ceiling. It may also be used to locate the center of the clearance hole by gently pushing the ceiling material against the center point of the Cap.

As long as the Sprinkier Strap (Figure 1) or the Protective Cap (Figure 2) remains in place, the system is considered to be "Out of Service."

Step 5. After the ceiling has been completed with the 2-1/2 inch (63 mm) diameter clearance hole and in preparation for installing the Cover Plate/Retainer Assembly, remove and discard the Protective Cap and the Sprinkler Strap.

Document ID: D17/8418

Issued:

10 December 2017

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 123

TFP450 Page 5 of 6

NOTE: Refer to Technical Data Sheet TFP700 regarding Instructions for the removal of the Sprinkler Strap.

Step 6. Push the Cover Plate/Retaliner Assembly into the Support Cup, and as necessary, make the final adjustment of the Cover Plate with respect to the ceiling by turning the Cover Plate/Retaliner Assembly clockwise until its flange just comes in contact with the ceiling.

If it becomes necessary to remove the Cover Plate, it can be removed by unscrowing in a counter-clockwise direction.

If the Cover Plate/Ritaliner Assembly cannot be engaged with the Support Cup or the Cover Plate/Ritaliner Assembly cannot be engaged sufficiently to contact the calling, the Sprinkler Fitting must be repostified.

Care and Maintenance

The TYCO RAPID RESPONSE. Serios LFII Residential Domed-Plate Concealed Pendent 4.9 K-factor Sprinklers (TY2234) must be maintained and serviced in accordance with this section.

Before closing a fire protection system main control valve for maintenance work on the fire protection system that it controls, obtain permission to shut down the affected fire protection systems from the proper authorities and notify all personnel who may be affected by this action.

Absence of a Cover Plate may delay sprinkler operation in a fire situation.

The owner must assure that the sprinklers are not used for hanging any objects and that the sprinklers are only cleaned by means of gently dusting with a feather duster; otherwise, non-operation in the event of a fire or inadvertent operation may result.

When properly installed, there is a nominal 3/32 inch (2.4 mm) air gap between the lip of the Cover Plate and the ceiling, as shown in Figure 2. This air gap is necessary for proper operation of this sprinkler by allowing heat flow from a fire to pass below and above the Cover Plate to help assure appropriate release of the Cover Plate in a fire situation. If the ceiling needs repainting after sprinkler installation, exercise care to ensure that the new paint does not seal off any of the air gap. Failure to do so may impair sprinkler operation.

Factory painted Cover Plates must not be repainted. They should be replaced, if necessary, by factory painted units. Non-factory applied paint may adversely delay or prevent sprinkler operation in the event of a fire.

Do not pull the Cover Plate relative to the Retainer. Separation may result.

Sprinklers which are found to be leaking or exhibiting visible signs of corrosion must be replaced.

Automatic sprinklers must never be painted, plisted, coated, or otherwise altered after leaving the factory. Modified or overheated sprinklers must be replaced.

Care must be exercised to avoid damage to the sprinklers - before, during, and after installation. Sprinklers damaged by dropping, striking, wrench twist/sippage, or the like, must be replaced. Also, replace any sprinkler that has a cracked bulb or that has lost liquid from Its bulb. (Ref. Installation Section.)

The owner is responsible for the inspection, testing, and maintenance of their fire protection system and devices in compliance with this document, as well as with the applicable standards of the National Fire Protection Association (e.g., NFPA 25), in addition to the standards of any authorities having jurisdiction. Contact the installing contractor or sprinkler manufacturer regarding any questions.

Automatic sprinkler systems are recommended to be inspected, tested, and maintained by a qualified Inspection Service in accordance with local requirements and/or national codes.

Limited Warranty

For warranty terms and conditions, visit www.byco-fire.com.

OrderingProcedure

Contact your local distributor for availability. When placing an order, indicate the full product name and Part Number (P/N).

Sprinkler Assembly Specify: Series LFII (TY2234), K = 4.9, Residential Domed-Plate Concoaled Pendant Sprinkler without Cover Plate Assembly, PYN 51-873-1-155

Cover Plate Assembly

Specify: Series LFII (T&2234), K = 4.9, Residential Domed-Plate Concealed Pondent Sprinklar Cover Plate Assembly with (speci) finish, P/N (speci):

Para White" (FAL.001) P.N. 56-679-9-135

Sprinkler Wrench

Speci ty: W-Type 7 Sprinker Wrench, PIN 50-850-4-001

Document ID: D17/8418

Issued: 10 December 2017

Copyright NSW State Government (FRNSW)

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 124

APPENDIX C Data Tables

Table C 1 Test scenarios

Document ID: D17/8418

Issued: 10 December 2017

Copyright NSW State Government (FRNSW)

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 125

Table C 2 Smoke alarm and sprinkler activations times

Document ID: D17/8418

Issued: 10 December 2017

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 126

Table C 3 Lounge room (G2) smoke tenability threshold times

*G2 located in Bedroom 1 at 1 metre in this test

Document ID: D17/8418

Issued: 10 December 2017

Copyright NSW State Government (FRNSW)

Fire research report – Residential Sprinkler Research

Page 127

Table C 4 Bedroom 1 (G1) smoke tenability threshold times

Document ID: D17/8418

Issued: 10 December 2017

Copyright NSW State Government (FRNSW)

Table C 5 Heat tenability threshold times

SPRINKLER SYSTEM

Kitchen (T20) > 65°C

Kitchen FEDheat

1. 3

Lounge centre (T28) >65°C

Lounge centre FEDheat 0.3

Bedroom 1 (T32) > 65°C

Bedroom 1 FEDheat 0.3

Test 1

Domestic

2 min 5 s – 4 min 50 s

8 min 25 s

Test 2

Hydrant

Test 3

Domestic

3 min 5 s – 7 min 25 s

6 min 50 s

Test 4

Domestic

2 min 11 s – 4 min 16 s

2 min 3 s – 2 min 14 s

Test 5

Hydrant

Test 6

Domestic

2 min 46 s – 8 min 25 s

11 min 34 s

Test 7

Domestic

Test 8

Domestic

Test 9

Domestic

Test 10

Hydrant

Test 11

Domestic

Test 12

Domestic

Test 13

Domestic

3 min 2 s – 5 min 6 s

Test 14

None

2 min 45s

3 min 18 s

2 min 45 s

3 min 22 s

4 min 22 s

6 min 2 s

Table C 6 Peak temperatures measured at the sprinkler heads (degrees Celsius).

T1 (H4)

T2 (D4)

T3 (H9)

T4 (D2)

T5 (D1)

T6 (H2)

T7 (H1)

T8 (D3)

T9 (D5)

T10 (H5)

T11 (H3)

T12 (D8)

T13 (H8)

T14 (D7)

T15 (H7)

T16 (H6)

T17 (D6) Test 1 167.4 158.6 164.3 218.9 100.3 92.0 125.2 96.4 142.1 152.0 117.2 27.9 27.5 31.1 31.4 32.6 34.4 Test 2 98.2

1. 3 95.9 158.4 109.7 106.6 93.3 92.8 88.2 94.0 62.6 24.7 24.6 24.1 24.2 24.7 25.3

Test 3 122.0

1. 9 119.8 91.8 183.4 223.1 248.1 86.7 85.9 91.3 126.7 27.1 26.3 28.2 28.7 32.2 34.6 Test 4 112.3 105.1 107.1 152.9 95.0 142.4 132.7 130.8 118.9 121.7 90.9 27.0 26.8 27.3 27.2 29.2 30.5 Test 5 80.2

1. 7 74.4 129.5 96.8 85.9 83.2 77.0 70.6 70.9 55.7 23.7 24.0 23.3 23.5 23.9 24.0

Test 6 94.4

1. 7 96.2 89.0 127.2 132.8 122.3 117.5 97.2 102.6 86.8 24.0 23.4 28.0 28.3 29.7 31.0 Test 7 105.5 101.2 108.0 89.4 159.0 153.3 143.8 89.5 94.0 99.9 97.1 61.4 59.0 68.4 71.0 27.4 28.3 Test 8 27.3

1. 1 20.2 21.8 24.4 27.9 23.7 22.6 20.4 20.5 23.6 125.8 141.7 20.6 20.7 25.0 26.7

Test 9 133.3 144.6 106.5 77.9 80.9 73.4 82.1 71.4 63.6 66.1 54.5 36.1 35.2 39.9 41.7 21.2 21.6 Test

10

1. 0

1. 6 83.0 158.0 125.4 118.4 95.1 96.5 86.3 87.1 71.5 45.1 43.0 50.0 52.6 17.9 18.6

Test 11

1. 4

1. 6 79.9 93.1 92.4 116.9 94.7 86.8 85.3 90.6 65.8 27.2 22.9 41.1 42.8 25.9 26.0

Test 12

1. 1

1. 5 127.7 101.1 158.1 152.9 142.3 97.6 97.8 97.3 106.1 77.7 74.0 77.9 78.3 28.3 29.9

Test 13

1. 3

1. 8 91.4 126.0 101.4 98.1 86.9 103.6 84.4 88.3 73.3 53.3 51.4 59.4 59.4 23.2 24.2

Test 14

1. 80 600.20 717.00 884.30 785.10 718.20 732.90 620.00 499.70 492.60 437.00 226.90 222.30 160.60 167.40 75.20 80.60

Table C 7 Peak temperatures measured at the thermocouple trees (degrees Celsius) – note T36 is a single thermocouple located above the NW corner

T18 T19 T20 T21 T22 T23 T24 T25 T26 T27 T28 T29 T30 T31 T32 T33 T34 T35 T36 Test 1 150.1 149.1 105.2 33.5 333.4 229.3 236.3 58.9 140.1 65.5 53.9 36.6 27.5 26.9 26.6 26.4 85.6 147.2 303.5 Test 2 81.6 79.0 55.9 35.3 252.7 131.0 254.2 88.3 68.7 60.1 49.8 36.0 24.4 24.6 24.5 24.5 32.3 79.1 193.1 Test 3 114.2 65.2 59.6 33.0 130.3 117.2 94.0 33.3 155.3 121.9 92.9 40.6 26.2 24.2 23.0 21.6 64.9 110.8 118.3 Test 4 99.0 97.0 76.4 33.8 210.6 106.1 87.0 97.3 111.4 95.9 71.5 39.3 26.4 25.8 25.3 25.0 45.5 97.9 372.2 Test 5 62.2 62.8 48.0 39.6 103.0 56.6 47.1 46.3 58.2 50.5 34.6 36.9 23.6 23.8 23.7 23.7 31.9 38.8 343.6 Test 6 89.7 89.1 72.2 42.4 132.7 47.4 45.9 42.0 108.3 93.2 46.2 41.3 23.1 21.9 20.8 20.8 54.6 53.8 304.2 Test 7 98.8 97.6 60.0 37.3 151.8 45.0 39.4 36.7 117.9 69.3 43.4 36.0 58.2 52.6 48.3 40.0 43.9 53.9 348.2 Test 8 26.4 24.5 20.1 21.1 20.3 20.2 20.2 39.4 32.8 31.3 20.3 20.3 243.4 70.6 63.1 57.1 25.7 27.4 22.3 Test 9 59.4 53.6 38.0 28.7 81.3 43.4 38.2 25.0 58.1 49.3 31.8 25.8 34.2 33.7 29.2 21.3 25.4 35.3 89.8 Test 10 65.6 73.4 59.8 28.6 212.1 72.9 46.7 38.7 80.3 66.6 35.8 29.4 36.1 35.5 28.0 20.8 24.3 38.8 344.8 Test 11 71.3 71.7 50.0 32.9 87.6 44.0 39.7 34.6 83.6 65.2 40.6 35.6 22.0 22.0 21.4 21.1 41.9 35.5 250.7 Test 12 113.6 69.7 45.7 32.3 165.3 118.6 74.7 33.5 127.7 114.7 45.2 29.2 68.1 64.4 56.2 25.7 44.5 38.5 328.1 Test 13 82.0 82.6 70.6 30.4 123.2 50.3 44.6 34.9 80.1 62.8 36.3 35.6 47.9 46.1 43.9 25.3 32.9 40.7 249.2 Test 14 507.2 550.1 507.3 316.9 918.0 910.6 765.5 581.3 710.6 657.7 569.8 487.3 192.3 169.0 149.7 74.3 397.8 576.9 853.3