1974_美国_PAR7404.pdf

8 OF PB 236 479

〔图〕28W2.51.0w2.2W32.0.0:1.81.251.41.6\n PB-236 479

PIPELINE ACCIDENT REPORT, COLUMBUS GAS OF WEST VIRGINIA, INCORPORATED, CHARLESTON, WEST VIRGINIA, DECEMBER 2, 1973

National Transportation Safety Board Washington, D. C.

21 August 1974

DISTRIBUTED BY:

NTIS

National Technical Information Service U.s. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield Va. 22151

TECHNICAI DEDNDT ETAUNADI TITIE DACE

Reproduced by

NATIONAL TECHNICAL

INFORMATION SERVICE

U.S. Department of Commerce S.銃銴銃銃 V.A. 23141

S S H 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936

SS-P-20

PIPELINE ACCIDENT REPORT

COLUMBIA GAS OF WEST VIRGINIA, INC. CHARLESTON, WEST VIRGINIA

DECEMBER 2, 1973

ADOPTED: AUGUST 21, 1974

NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BUARD Washington, D.C. 20591

REPORT NUMBER: NTSB-PAR-74-4

FOREWORD

The accident described in this report has been determined to be a major accident by the National Transportation Safety Board under the criteria established in the Safety Board's regulations.

This report is based on facts obtained from an investigation conducted by the Safety Board. Cooperation during this investigation was received from the Office of Pipeline Safety, Th-West Virginia Public Service Commission, the West Virginia State Fir: Marshall and Columbia Gas of West Virginia, Inc.

The conclusions, the determination of probable cause, and the recommendations herein are those of the Safety Board.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD WASHINGTON, D. C. 20591

PIPELINE ACCIDENT REPORT

Adopted: August 21, 1974

Columbia Gas of West Virginia, Inc. Charleston, West Virginia December 2, 1973

SYNOPSIS

At 3:30 p.m., on December 2, 1973, an explosion followed by an intense fire killed three persons, injured two others, and destroyed a house on the outskirts of Charleston, W. Va.

The local rescue squad, two fire departments, and gas company personnel evacuated the injured, extinguished the fire, and shut off gas to the building. Fire, fueled by natural gas which had saturated the soil, later rekindled briefly in the ground around the house.

Two pit-hole leaks were found in the 2-inch gas main, operated at 39 psig, which served the area; the leaks were 11 feet from the house and 1 foot from the concrete driveway which ied to the house. Can company personnel later repaired both leaks without shutting off the gas main or interrupting service to any other customers.

The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of the explosion and fire was the ignition, by an unknown source, of an accumulation of natural gas which had leaked from two corrosion holes in a nearby 2-inch gas main.

Contributing to the intensity of the ensuing fire was the large amount of natural gas which had accumulated in the attic and between the original exterior walls of the house and a newer exterior brick veneer.

Contributing to the accident was the fact that none of the victims reported previously detected gas odors to the gas company or to the fire department. This was partially the result of the fact that the gas company's educational program submerged warnings and instructions within promotional material not heeded by the customer and did not inform the customer of the possible consequences of failure to report a gas odor to the gas company or to leave the premises.

FACTS

The Accident:

Shortly before 3:30 p.m., on Sunday, December 2, 1973, two adults and three children were inside a single-story brick venger house on Henson's

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Branch Road, a narrow blacktopped street that winds upward between two steep hills on the outskirts of Charleston, W. Va. At 3:30 p.m., the house exploded; the roof was blown into the air and the front and back walls were blown into the yard. The roof fell back into the debris and an intense gas-fueled fire followed, which gutted the house. The ensuing blaze burned a telephone polo, melted a powerline, scorched trees, and kindled a brush fire on the side of the hill. Partially burned wall sections littered the front and back yard, and bricks were strewn on the road. (See Figure 1.)

Two of the children, blown out of the house by the initial blast and severely burned, ran up the road. One adult was pulled out of the burning debris by a neighbor, but the other adult and child could not be reached because of the intense heat. The local rescue squad, alerted by a neighbor, arrived at 3:35 p.m., wrapped the injured adult in sterile burn sheets, and transported her to the Charleston General Hospital. A second ambulance removed the two burned children to the same hospital.

The Pinch Volunteer Fire Department arrived at 3:50 p.m., and the Charleston Fire Department arrived at 4:28 p.m. Five thousand gallons of water from Scow's Run and Henson's Branch, two small streams closeby, were hosed onto the fire for an hour and a half to extinguish the flames. Very little fire was encountered in the collar, but the entire first floor was ablaze. Thirty-foot flames melted the powerline to the house, and caused it to sag, short-circuit, and shower sparks on the people below. Blue, gas-fed flames, 8 to 10 inches high, were burning in the ground at the corner of the hours next to the carport. These flames, once extinguished, flared again. At 6 p.m. the fire was extinguished, and the Charleston Fire Department left at 6:40 p.m. At 11:40 p.m., firemen returned to the site, because the gas-fueled fire at the corner of the house had reignited. The firemen saturated the area with water, extinguished the fire again, and left at 12:30 a.m.

The Columbia Gas Company of Vest Virginia (Columbia), the utility serving the area, was notified of the accident at 3:42 p.m., and a Columbia serviceman arrived 20 minutes later. The serviceman shut off the service-line valve at the curb box and the valve at the meter. Both the gas meter and regulator were later removed from the premises by Columbia.

Pipaline System

Columbia operated a 2-inch gas main along the north edge of Benson's Branch Road from its junction with a 3-inch main at the bottom of the hill to the house on top of the hill. A flood had washed out the section of line from its junction with the 3-inch main to Scow's Run. The washed-out section was replaced in 1961 with new steel, welded, coated, and wrapped pipe which was not cathodically protected. From Scow's Run to the top of the hill, the older bare steel main, which had been installed in 1948 through 1949, remained in service.

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〔图〕插图

Figure 1. House demolished by natural-gas explosion, Charleston, W. Va.

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The pipe was screwed together with thread and collar joints and was buried approximately 24 inches deep at the leak site. At one point on the main, about 50 feet up the hill from the accident, the pipe had less than 2 inches of cover. Both the new and the old 2-inch pipe were rated at 50 psig, and at the time of the accident supplied gas at 39 psig to regulators at each customer's house. The regulators reduced the gas pressure to 6 to 8 inches of water column for use inside the houses. A valve was installed on the 2-inch main at its junction with the 3-inch main at the bottom of the hill, almost 1,700 feet from the accident site. No other valve had been installed on the main.

Columbia had not received any service calls reporting trouble. At that time an "A leak was discovered and repaired about 460 feet up the hill from the accident site. An "A leak is the least hazardous of the three leak categories and repairs to this type of leak were made when repair crews were available, usually within 1 month after the leak report. A leak survey conducted by Columbia on October 3, 1973, indicated that no leaks existed on the 2-inch main. This leak survey was conducted by three Columbia employees who madc bar test holes at 10- to 15-foot intervals along the main and then checked those holes for gas. Four house service calls had been made between December 2, 1972, and December 7, 1973, on Henson's Branch Road. Two of these calls involved defective meters, one involved replacing a 7-year old meter, and one involved a small leak in a bedroom space heator. None of the service calls concerned the house involved in this accident.

Events Receding the Accident

When built 28 years ago, the house was a single-story dwelling with asbestos siding. In 1958, the owner added a two-car garage with a living room above. Originally there was a crawl space beneath the house, but no basement. Two or 3 years after the house was built, the owner hand-dug a basement and shored up the Flooring with a steel beam and jacks, but the excavated earthen walls reminded. In 1972, the owner added a brick voneer to the asbestos siding. The brick were separated from the older siding by a 1- to 2-inch air space from ground level to the roof. The house had used gas service since it was first occupied. The owners had never called the gas company service department.

Columbia periodically enclosed a pamphlet titled Gaslight in the envelopes containing the monthly gas bills, as part of its customer awareness program. This "bill stuffer," mailed monthly, contained 3 gas safety menages a year in 1971, 1972, and 1973. It also discussed gas-equipment maintenance hints, food recipes, and items of general interest. (Reproductions of these parphlets are included in the appen- x.) The owner of the house involved in this accident stated that he had not known of this material.

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In addition to the pamphlets, Columbia periodically used the local newspapers to advise the public to check their gas appliances, to practice safety in the home, and to ready their home and appliances for winter.

On Saturday, the day before the accident, the wife of the owner of the house smelled gas in the house and noticed excessive flame heights of the pilot light in the gas stove. When the owner came home, he thoroughly checked the appliances on the first floor and all of the gas piping in the cellar. Also stated that he did not smell gas at that time and did not discover any gas leaks in the piping. The owner left for work on Sunday morning, and at noon a neighbor came to visit. She complained about the strong odor of gas which she encountered when she entered the house. Although the owner's wife thought it was sewer gas from the septic tank, she did go into the cellar and turned off the gas to all appliances except the furnace. No one notified either the gas company or the fire department about either the gas odors or the excessively high pilot light.

At 3:30 p.m., on the day of the accident, the weather in the Charleston area was an unseasonably warm 62°F. The wind was southerly at 6 knots. The temperature rose from 26°F at 5:35 a.m., to a high of 63°F at 2:55 p.m.

Postaccident Activities

Gas company personnel arrived at various times after 4 p.m. At 4:15 p.m., gas was turned off at the meter and the curb box. A bar-hole test over the 1-inch service line from the main to the meter regulator revealed no gas leakage. The 2-inch gas main was then bar-hole tested from the service line across the front lawn to the concrete driveway. Gas was found in the soil around the 2-inch main close to the driveway; readings of 100 percent in the lower explosive limits (LEL) were obtained at this location. (See Figure 2.) Three feet away from the house, at the corner where the house joined the driveway and carport, a 40-percent LEL reading was obtained. The reading was taken after the fire in the soil had been extinguished the first time.

Columbia's repair crew excavated the 2-inch main adjacent to the driveway and found two corrosion-type pit holes in the pipe. The pit holes were 4 to 5 inches apart, and each hole was individually clamped. Visual observation showed no further evidence of active corrosion on the 3-foot section of exposed pipe. (See Figure 3.) A magnesium anode was tonded to the pipe at the leak site as part of the repair procedure. The repairs were completed by 7 p.m., and the excavation was backfilled immediately. Service to other customers was not interrupted, and no mainline valves were closed.

At 7 p.m., when a Columbia serviceman tested the 1-inch service line from the gas main to the regulator, the line held 30 psig for 5 minutes with no pressure drop. The serviceman then tested the gas lines inside

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〔图〕HOUSE***CARPORTApproximote Area ofGos Permeation(Reoding taken 12/3/72)100%LELFBranchcONC100% LELCARPORTDRIVE05LEAK SITE

Figure 2. Accident site.

〔图〕Y\n

Figure 3. Clamps placed over the corrosion leaks on the 2-inch gas main after the explosion.

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the house from the meter to a closed valve near the center of the house; this test included the line to the furnace. An initial pressure of 16 inches of water column and a final pressure of 14 7/10 inches of water column were observed over a 3-minute period. When the valve at the center of the house was opened and the test was reapplied, a failure was found where the service line screwed into a tee. The serviceman's report stated that the failure was "due to damage from fire and explosion." (See Figure 4.)

On December 24, 22 days after the accident, Columbia was notified of another gas leak at the accident site. A repair crew dug up the concrete driveway over the 2-inch gas main and found a small pit-hole leak 8 feet away from the two leaks found at the time of the accident. The leak was repaired with a clamp.

Tests and Research

Gas in the soil. On December 4, holes were drilled through the concrete driveway over the gas main and 100-percent LEL gas readings were obtained. Another 100-percent LEL reading was obtained at a hole drilled through the concrete carport close to the house. When the soil near the corner of the house at the carport was again checked for gas, a 100-percent LEL reading was again obtained. Readings taken at random intervals over the gas main up the hill to the neighboring house ranged from 100 percent to 10 percent LEL. Gas indications were also obtained on both sides of the macadam road, in front of the accident site, in the soil on the uphill side of the carport, and in the soil at the rear of the house.

On December 7, the Safety Board engaged an independent consulting firm to conduct additional tests and analysis on the gas found in the soil at the accident site. 1/ These tests showed gas still present at 5 percent LEL in the soil at the area of highest gas concentration, i.e., underancath the concrete floor of the carport. The consultant detected both commercial natural gas and swamp gas at several locations at the accident site. The consultant's report stated:

"The commercial natural gas appears to be residual gas from a leak which was repaired approximately five days prior to sample collection. The swamp gas is probably being generated by decaying subsurface vegetation.

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"The 1.9% swamp gas concentration does not at this time constitute a hazardous condition. However, the site should be respected annually to insure that concentrations are not building to hazardous levels. In our opinion the 1.9% swamp gas did not

1/ Heath Consultants Incorporated, Special Investigation for National Transportation Safety Board, Washington, D. C., SP-295, December 7, 1973.

〔图〕Figure 4. Failed 3/4-inch gaa 1ino tn basement of house.\n

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contribute significantly to the overall volume of gas present in the subsurface atmosphere. The 3.1% commercial natural gas appears to be the primary contributing factor in the overall spread and concentrations of combustibles. The concentrations were undoubtedly higher prior to repair of the leaks."

The soil. Soil samples taken at the leak site were sent to the Federal Highway Administration of the Department of Transportation for laboratory analysis. Tests showed that the soil consisted of a clayey silt, silt, and sand and had medium plasticity, The liquid limit was 35, the plasticity index was 15, the shrinkage limit was 16.1, and the shrinkage ratio was 1.84.

The regulator. Columbia tested the regulator which had been removed from the accident site and determined that it was operating within allowable tolerances. Under lockout conditions with a 39-psig regulator inlet pressure, the outlet pressure was 20.7 inches of water column. Under minimum gas flow conditions with 39-psig regulator inlet pressure, the outlet pressure was 18.5 inches of water column. Under maximum gas flow conditions with 39-psig regulator inlet pressure, the outlet pressure was 18.2 inches of water column.

Normal regulator outlet pressures for this area range between 6 and 8 inches of water column.

Gas odorization. Columbia conducted a gas-odorization test on gas samples taken on December 3, from the 2-such main close to the accident site. The test was witnessed by personnel from the Gas Pipeline Safety Division of the Public Service Commission of West Virginia.

Gas odor was detectable with 0,28-percent gas in air. The Federal minimum safety standards in 49 CFR 192,625 require that the odor be read-ly detectable at a concentration of less than 1 percent gas in air.

Damage

On a adult and one child died at the accident site, one adult died later at the hospital as a result of the fire, and two children suffered severe burns. The house was incinerated; the wooded hillside in back of the house and the trees and telephone pole in the front were scorched and blackened. (See Figures 5 and 6.) The wells of the house were blown out into the front and back yards. The double garage door was also blown outward, but no fire followed in that area. The fire had been concentrated in the upper portions of the walls which remained intact after the explosion. The top sections of the 2- by 4-inch studding were heavily charred, whereas some of the floor carpet and linoleum were relatively undamaged. Little evidence of fire was found in the basement, except for the area around some of the heating system ducts and an area underneath the living room above the broken tee.

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〔图〕N\n

Figure 5. 2-inch space between original exterior wall and newer brick veneer (after explosion).

〔图〕ཁྱིམ་ཁྱབ་ཁྱབ་ཁྱབ་ཁྱབ་ཁྱབ་ཁྱབ་ཁྱབ་ཁྱབ་ཁྱབ་ཁྱབ་ཁྱབ་ཁྱབ་ཁྱབ་ཁྱབ་ཁྱབ་ཁྱབ་ཁྱབ་ཁྱབ་ཁྱབ་ཁྱབ་ཁྱབ་ཁྱབ་ཁྱབ་ཁྱབ་ཁྱབ་ཁྱབ་ཁྱབ་ཁྱབ་ཁྱབ

Figure 6. View of demolished house. Note scorched hillside behind house - picture taken facing north.

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Applicable Standard

In 1948 and 1949, when this 2-inch gas main was installed, no Federal regulations existed for the design, construction, operation, or maintenance of natural gas pipelines. The industrywide code in effect at that time was the American Standard Code For Pressure Piping, Power Gas and Air, Oil, District Heating, Refrigeration, Fabrication Detail, Materials (ASA B31, 1-1942). This code coveral pipeline design, installation and testing, but not operation and maintenance.

The 1975 ASME Guide for Case Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems, applicable at the time of the accident provides guidelines on how to comply with the Federal regulations. Parts of 49 CPR Part 192, "Transportation of Natural and Other Gas by Pipeline," pertinent to this accident are as follows:

"192,457 External corrosion control; buried or submerged pipe-lines installed before August 1, 1971.

(b) Except for cast-iron or ductile iron, each of the following buried or submerged pipelines installed before August 1, 1971, must not later than August 1, 1976, be cathodically protected in accordance with this subpart in areas in which active corrosion is found:

(3) Bare or coated distribution lines. The operator shall determine the areas of active corrosion by electrical survey, or where electrical survey is impractical, by the study of corrosion and leak history records, by leak detection survey, or by other means."

"192.613 Continuing surveillance.

(a) Each operator shall have a procedure for continuing surveillance of its facilities to determine and take appropriate action concerning changes in class location, failures, leakage history, corrosion, substantial changes in cathodic protection requirements, and other unusual operating and maintenance conditions."

"192.615 Emergency plans. Each operator shall --

(d) Establish an educational program to enable customers and the general public to recognize and report a gas emergency to the appropriate officials."

★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

"192.721 Distribution systems: patrolling.

(a) The frequency of patroling mains must be determined by the severity of the conditions which could cause failure or leakage, and the consequent hazarde to public safety."

★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

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"192,723 Distribution systems: leakage surveys and procedures.

(a) Each operator of a distribution system shall provide for periodic leakage surveys in its operation and maintenance plan.

(b) The type and scope of the leakage control program must be determined by the nature of the operations and the local conditions, but it must meet the following minimum requirements:

(1) A gas detector survey must be conducted in business districts, including tests of the atmosphere in gas, electric, telephone, sewer and water system manholos, at cracks in pavement and sidewalks, and at other locations, providing an opportunity for finding gas leaks, at intervals not exceeding one year.

(2) Leakage surveys of the distribution systems outside of the principal business areas must be made as frequently as necessary, but at intervals not exceeding five years."

No ASME guidelines are presently available for any of the above parts of 49 CFR 192, except for Part 192,723. With regard to that part, the ASME Guide states that:

$^{1}$Leakage survey procedures to meet the requirements of 192.723(b) (2) include:

(a) Gas detector surveys

(b) Bar test surveys

(c) Vegetation surveys

(d) Pressure drop surveys.

(e) Soapsuds testing on exposed pipe and fittings."

ANALYSIS

Source of Gas

As gas leaked through the pit holes at 39 psig, it was prevented from venting to the atmosphere by the macadam road to the immediate south and by the concrete driveway to the immediate east. A large reservoir of gas built up and saturated the ground. Eventually, the gas flowed from the corrosion leaks up under the driveway and the concrete floor of the carport. As the trapped gas expanded, gas was forced through the soil into the air space between the original outer wall of the house and the newer brick veneer finish. 2/

27 For a more detailed discussion concerning gas migration see the following reports previously issued by the Safety Board: Washington Gas Light Company, Natural Gas Explosions at Annandale, Va., March 24, 1972, NTSB-PAR-72-4; Northern States Power Company, Lake City, Hinn., October 30, 1972, NTSB-PAR-71-1; Lone Star Gas Company, North Richland Hills, Texas, October 4, 1971, NTSB-PAR-72-3; Lone Star Gas Company, Fort Worth, Texas, October 4, 1971, NTSB-PAR-72-5; Atlanta Gas Light Company, Atlanta, Ga., August 31, 1972, NTSB-PAR-73-3; and Southern Union Gas Company, El Paso, Texas, April 22, 1973, NTSB-PAR-74-2.

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The air space extended from ground level to the attic on all sides of the house. The original exterior walls, built to withstand the ele-ments, were weatherlight. Since the brick veneer was also weatherlight, the air space provided a storage area for the gas. Very little gas prob-ably leaked directly through the wall into the living areas of the house. Natural gas, however, being lighter than air, ascended within the air space and entered the attic. When enough gas accumulated in the attic and high up barween the walls, additional leaking gas was displaced down into the living areas of the house. There, once the proper oxygen-gas mixture was attained, a lighted cigarette, a thermostat contact or an activated light switch probably triggered the explosion.

Many gas explosions are not followed by gas-fueled fires, because the initial blast consumes all of the available gas or leaves the oxygen-gas mixture too leau to ignite. In this accident, the intense gas-fed fire that followed the explosion is evidence that a large accumulation of gas existed, but was too rich to be consumed by the initial blast. After the detonation, with the roof, walls, and windows blown away, an oxygen supply was suddenly made available which supported the enming, intense fire. The fact that the fire in the soil at the corner of the house kept re-igniting and the high readings from the bar-hole tests around the periphery of the house are further evidence that a large amount of gas had accumulated at the accident alto.

The threads in the 3/4-inch gas line in the basement probably broke during and not before the explosion. A blast strong enough to blew cut the roof, walls, and double garage door could easily damage the gas pipe supports enough to pull the pipe partially out of its threaded tee.

Other evidence supports a conclusion that the broken threads at the tea were not a source of gas leakage before the explosion. Except for the wood joists directly over the broken pipe threads and except for the area around the air ducts, no evidence of burning was found in the base- bent . If gas from the broken tea had caused the explosion, the ensuing fire would have consumed everything in the cellar. If gas had seeped up from a leak in the collar, it would have saturated the rug in the living room, and when the explosion took place that rug would have also been concerned. After the accident, the rug was intact, although roiled,

Furthermore, leaking gas was probably present in the house for at least a day before the explosion. The owner had checked all of the gas piping in the cellar on Saturday night and had found no leak nor any cause for alarm. His wife wont to the cellar on Sunday to turn off the valves to the appliances. Even though she did not visually check the piping, she would certainly have heard gas hissing through a cracked thread at 18 inches of water column, or she would have detected an odor.

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Detection of Gas Odors

There are a number of reasons why the gas that leaked into the house may not have caused greater concern to the occupants. The mercaptan odorant in the gas may have been partially filtered out as the gas flowed through the clayey, silty soil from the pit holes in the main to the house. In that case, gas that entered the house and accumulated would have been less readily detectable than gas directly out of the vain or gas from a broken tee. In addition, when humans are exposed to an odorant at a higher than threshold level, they become less sensitive after a short time. This phenomenon, known as olfactory fatigue, may explain the fact that a few hours before the accident a neighbor entered the house and immediately detected a strong gas odor which the occupants did not smell.

Notification of the Gas Company

Gas odors had been detected by some of the people in the house at least 24 hours before the explosion, but nobody had notified either the gas company or the fire department. Additionally, the owner's wife noticed very high pilot lights in the gas appliances, and, as a result, she turned off the gas to the affected appliances. Very high pilot lights were unusual, because the gas pressure downstream of the regulator was normally 6 to 8 inches of water column (not 18 inches). 3/ Nevertheless, no one had reported any problem to the gas company. The owner's wife apparently believed that her efforts had removed the gas odor that had been detected. If the gas company had been notified, it is probable that they would have discovered the gas accumulation in the house and found the leaks in the main after they had checked out the house piping.

Serious questions thus arise whether the Gaslight bill stuffers ade- quately warned Columbia customer and whether the existing Federal regula- tions in 49 CFR Section 192,615(d) assure establishment of an effective educational program,

The safety messages in the Columbia bill stuffers might rever have been taken seriously by the public. The general contents of the pamphlets and their design might have led the reader to conclude that the bill stuffer was just another advertisement to be discarded without its message being carefully considered. The nine Gaslight pamphlets which included safety information, distributed from April 1971 through October 1973, contained only two references to the need to report gas odors to the gas company. Both references were on the inside pages. One warning was placed under the heading, 'Cas is not Dangerous, But It's Misuse May Be.'

3/ Although the excessive height of the pilot light did not contribute to the accident, it should have been reported to the gas company. The gaslight pamphlets, however, made no mention of excess pilot-light: height as a reason to call the gas company.

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This caption did not describe the explosion, fire, or asphyxiation that can result if the gas company is not called.

The Gaslight pamphlets, intended to fulfill the Federal requirement for an educational program, were more of a public relations program to enhance the corporate image than a program designed to warn gas users of the potential hazards and to insure effective action. The pamphlets were not adequate, because (1) the safety information was hidden in a mass of irrelevant detail, (2) the title 'Gaslight' did not imply that the pamphlet contained an important warning, (3) the instruction to call the gas company did not warn of the explosion, fire, or asphyxiation which could result if the call was not made, and (4) one of the instructions was masked by a misleading caption. Also, mention of leaving the premises were tentative and indefinite. The nature of gas hazards is well known within the industry.

The Federal regulations in 49 CFR 192.615(d) provide little guidance about the contents and organization of an effective educational program. Requirements for specific items such as warnings or instructions printed on gas appliances and gas meters, company telephone numbers to call in time of emergency, etc., would probably serve better than a general requirement. The regulation should require that an educational program contain comprehensive warnings of the hazards arising from natural gas, instructions as to what to do when a gas leak is detected, and why such action is necessary.

One important reason for a detailed regulation is the apparent concern of gas companies that if natural gas is required as a dangerous product, then specific instructions will alarm the isumer. In its reports of pipeline accidents at Lake City, Minn., El Puso, Texas, and Anandale, Va., the Board discussed the notification problem. In the Anandale report, the Board recommended that the ASMC Gas Piping Standards Committee develop guidelines to assist pipeline operators in educating customers and the general public in the proper action to take if gas leaks are detected. The committee is working to develop such guidelines. The intent of the Board's recommendation 1(b) in this report is that this field now be covered by detailed, enforceable Federal regulations.

Corrosion of Older Unprotected Pipslines

Federal regulations require that pipelines such as the 2-inch bare steel gas main involved in this accident must be cathodically protected in the known areas of active corrosion by August 1, 1976. Gas companies which operate thousands of miles of old mains and distribution systems thus are given time to get their pipelines into compliance. The Federal regulations also allow gas companies 5 years between gas leak surveys on distribution systems located outside of cities. No differentiation is made between old and new pipe.

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Old, bar, unprotected pipe should be inspected for leaks more frequently than new, coated, protected pipe. It is difficult to say whether the pit-hole leaks in the 2-inch main would have been discovered if more frequent gas leak surveys had been required, since a leak survey was made over this system 2 months before the accident. Generally, however, more frequent gas leak surveys on older distribution systems discover more leaks. Corrosion leaks occur more often on older unprotected pipelines than on never protected lines. Since one of the goals of pipeline safety is to reduce the number of leaks end, therefore, the number of accidents, old lines should be cathodically protected as soon as possible and gas leak surveys should be conducted such more frequently than every 5 years. In the time resining between now and August 1, 1976, the deadline for cathodic protection, more corrosion leaks will undoubtedly occur on these old line and, consequently, more accidents such as this one will occur. Changing he August 1, 1976, deadline for cathodic protection to an earlier dot: however, is probably unrealistic, because by the time an amendment is side, the deadline would be at hand. On the other hand, a requirement for more frequent gas leak surveys on old lines could be initiated at any time and would help to locate leaks and to initiate their repair before additional accidents occur.

CONCLUSIONS

1. The source of the natural gas which had accumulated in the air space between the old and new walls of the house and in the soil near the house was two pit holes in the 2-inch gas main located 11 feet from the house.

1. The path of the leading gas into the building was underneath the concrete driveway and concrete floor carport.

1. The two leaks occurred because of corrosion of the bare, cathodically unprotected 2-inch gas main which served the neighborhood.

1. Corrosion type leaks of this variety will continue to be a problem until all of the older, bare pipelines have been cathodically protected and are checked for leakage frequently.

1. The owners of the house had detected gas odors on the day before the accident, but did not notify the gas company or the fire department.

1. Columbia's customer-education program was ineffective in alerting this customer to the hazards of natural gas, and did not meet the intent of 49 CFR 192.615(d) requiring the education of the public to recognize and report gas emergencies.

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PROBABLE CAUSE

The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of the explosion and fire was the ignition, by an unknown source, of an accumulation of natural gas which had leaked from two corrosion holes in a nearby 2-inch gas main.

Contributing to the intensity of the ensuing fire was the large amount of natural gas which had accumulated in the attic and between the original exterior walls of the house and a newer exterior brick veneer.

Contributing to the accident was the fact that none of the victims reported previously detected gas odors to the gas company or to the fire department. This was partially the result of the fact that the gas company's educational program submerged warning and instructions within promotional material not needed by the customer and did not inform the customer of the possible consequences of failure to report a gas odor to the gas company or to leave the premises.

RECOMMENTATIONS

The National Transportation Safety Board Recommendation chat:

A. The Office of Pipeline Safety of the Department of Transportation:

(a) Amend 49 CFR Section 192.723 to require more frequent leak surveys on older, uncoated, and cathodically unprotected pipalines than required currently. (Recommendation No. P-74-29)

(b) Amend 49 CFR Section 192.615(d) to better define the intent of a public education program to warn against the full range of hazards of natural gas, to require retainable and specific instructions and placards of how to detect hazards, what to do, and why action is necessary. (Recommendation No. P-74-30)

1. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers Gas Piping Standards Committee:

(a) Develop guidelines to aid pipeline operators determine when to conduct leakage surveys on various types of pipe. These guidelines should take into account age of pipe, general condition of pipe, class location of pipe and metallurgy of pipe. (Recommendation No. P-74-31)

(b) Develop guidelines to aid pipeline operators in determining areas of active corrosion as required by 49 CFR 192, 457(b). (Recommendation No. P-74-32)

• 20 -

3. The American Gas Association (AGA):

Investigate the availability, economic feasibility, and practicability of gas vapor detectors currently manufactured and explore the possibility of their installation in manholes, conduits, basements, and other costructures for the automatic detection and reporting of natural gas vapors. If none are found acceptable, sponsor research to develop such a detector. (Recommendation No. P-14-33)

4. Columbia Gas of West Virginia, Inc.:

(a) Conduct more frequent leak detection surveys on those areas where the gas pipelines are old, uncoated, and cathodically unprotected. (Recommandation No. P-74-53)

(b) Initiate a more intense general public and gas customer information program as to the nature, characteristics, and hazards of natural gas and the steps to be taken when it is encountered. (Recommendation No.P-74-35)

(c) Initiate a thorough survey to determine the areas of active corrosion on the entire length of this 2-inch gas main from its junction with the 3-inch gas main at Bakers Fork and similar pipes in its system. Make excavations for the physical examination of these pipes when indicated by the survey and replace or repair the pipe where indicated. When finished, place these pipes under adequate cathodic protection. (Recommendation No. P-74-36)

BY THE NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD

/s/ JOHIN H. REED Chairman

/a/ FRANCIS H. MCADAMS Member

/s/ ISABEL A. BURGESS Member

/s/ WILLIAM R. HAI EY Member

LOUIS M. THAYER, Member, did not participate in the adoption of this report.

August 21, 1974

• 21 -

APPENDIX

TEN'CASLIGHT' BILL STUFPERS SENT TO CUSTOMERS BETWEEN APRIL 1971 AND OCTOBER 1973

April 71

〔图〕插图

Bas Works for You

When you purchase a new appliance, you want it to work for you. That is the reason most good cooks prefer a clean, mortion, clean, iridable'gas range. Gas works for you. Gas cleans your oven better than you can. A gas range takes the guesswork out of cooking with its automatic top burner and programmed given control.

The top burners are "instant-on," "Instant-off," with 1001 shades of heat in between. This meant less wasted heat before and after actual cooking. That's one of the keep-your-kitchen-cool features of a gas range. Then, too, only gas ranges let you broil with the oven door closed. And that's a keep-your-kitchen-clean feature of gas cooking. These features are gas range exclusives.

Now those are only two reasons to have a gas tange working for you. But if you need one more, just remember that gas costs less too.

〔图〕OLUMBIA GAB SYSTEM\n

• for a can, whether, dependable, evayg

Keepering the Records Straight

Your gas company provides an easy procedure to pay your gas bill which will help keep your account up to date. Each month you receive these Items:

1. Your Statement-

〔图〕1994-06-1995\n . . . which you should keep for your records when paying by mail; and which will be $r-cepleed when paying in person.

2. Your payment card—

〔图〕插图 $\. is$ to be returned with your payment when paying by mail or paying in person.

3. Envelope-

〔图〕插图 . . . with address windows for com enience when paying by mail. Be sure address shows through.

This procedure is designed to make it easier for you and to help keep the records straight.

〔图〕71gasigh\n 〔图〕插图

Super Gas Sniffer

Many times more sensitive than the human nose, Columbia's gas "sniffer" can detect one part of natural gas in a million parts of air. It can smell a tiny leak before it becomes a problem. "Sniffers" are always nosing about the gas company's lines to help maintain safe service for you. They are but one of a number of techniques for checking business districts, schools, public buildings, and residential areas on a regular basis.

1

Betty Newton's (Notes

Here's a recipe for a one-dish skiller meal that's easy to prepare, lasty but not too spicy, and economical. Betty Newton, your gas company's home economist, offers "Spanish Macrosti" as this month's Castig 1t delight. We're sure you will like it.

SPANISH MACARONI

2 shres haron

1. $R_1$ ground beef.

1. Up uncooked

1 green pepper, directed

1 onion, mined

th cup chili sauce

1 No. 25 < an

(2) cup of tomatoes

. 1. Ifapuan sulit

1. 1991-1994-1995-1996-1997

〔图〕1998\n Dice bacon: cook in skillet on thermostop top burner at 325°. Add ground heel: brown well. Add remaining Ingredients in layer, being sure the macaroni is well covered and dampened with tomato liquid. Cover, reduce temperature to 225° and cook for 30 minutes. Makes 4 to 6 servings.

June 71

〔图〕hho....*\n

Gas Air Conditioning Holpa

You to Keep Your Geol

When June arrives, those hot days of July and August can't be far behind. Longer days give us time to enjoy the many outdoor activities pop- uler this time of the year. But after mowing the lawn, shopping when the temperature soars to nearly 100 degrees, or playing your favorite game, it's might, enjoyable to come home to gas all conditioning.

With gas whole-house air conditioning you can keep doors and windows closed all summer long, keeping out dirt, noise and pollen. So you enjoy cleaner, quieter, healthier living. You feel more relaxed and sleep better with filtered, relreshing gas air conditiona.

With gas air conditioning your equipment lasts longer with minimum service.

To learn more, you't you't gas air conditioning dealer or the gas company.

〔图〕-lor clean, modern, dependabietgy-\n

When You Need a Number In a Hurry

Do you have emergency telephone numbers written down in places you are "sure to remember", only to forget where they are when you need them? You are not alone if you do.

Although you can prepare your own, we have compiled a basic list that should be 'in every home'.

blanks and place this page near your telephone. When you need a number in a hurry, a few moments now could be the difference then.

gaslight

〔图〕插图

Gas Research Helps

Protect Environment

Protecting our environment is the responsibility of all Americans. Research at Columbia Gas contributes to this effort. In a cooperative effort with an equipment manufacturer, Columbia Cas has developed an industrial liquid waste incinerator with a new burner design which works efficiently on many liquid wastes. Helping Industrial plans protect our environment is another accomplishment in our constant search for efficient uses of the clean, modern fuel-natural gas.

1

Betty Newton's Notes

The first few warm days of summer when your taste for cool, refreshing drinks, "Party Punch" is a delicious thirst quencher that's easy to prepare. And Betty Newton, your gas company's home economist, adds some "pa.ly punch pointers" that are great for Gasheit reads.

PARTY PUNCH

1 can be used for a concentrated lemonade, used

Fruit garnish, if desired. Combine as ingredients. Garnish with sizes of Infit, strawberries or maraschino chemo. Makes 16 half-cup settings.

PARTY PINCH POINTERS

Quantity Propositions for Above Reclips

1. cens (12-n2) frozen

concentrated lemenale, undiluted

Confrained lems.Aale, undhuted

1. caos (12:μ.3) hoten

· 1345 (12-01.) Noton concentrated by area.

concentrated change juice, undulated 24 holdles at 21 sings she at said: used

1. 3025es 11 qLJ.gInget.alE of SOdA wA

Sulkes.about 200.hall.zIm san.idas.

Ginger Ale or Soda: Chill well; always add just before serving.

Frozen pulses: When making large qualities than shased prices may be mixed together in advance

The Punch Bowl: Circle bowl with ring of similar, my, blueberry or laurel fanes. Or coner sides of bowl with wine; turk flowers and terms into bodies. The perky know on ladle.

August 71

Remember Those Rules—

Walk Safety to School

School is just ahead for millions of children, many of whom may have become careless about street safety during the carefree days of summer. Everyone—motourists and children—can help reduce the number of injuries which occur each school year between home and school. Motorish should observe school zone restrictions and watch for the safety patrols. Children should learn the following seven "Rules for Safe Walking" recommend by the Traffic Engineering and Safety Department of the American Automobile Association.

SAFETY RULES

1. Carry or wear something

while at night, to help drivers see you.

1. Cross only at crosswalls. Keep to the right in the crosswalls.

1. Before crossing - look both ways. Be sure the way is clear before you cross.

1. Cross only on proper signal.

1 Watch for tuning cars.

1. Never go into the roadway from between parted cars.

7 where there is no sidewalk, and it is necessary to walk in road. way, walk out left side, facing traffic.

〔图〕A\n 〔图〕uM\n -for clean, modern, depenable energy-

〔图〕插图

Data Company Servicemen

Get Woman's Viewpoint

Columbie's nearby 1,000 customer-servicemen have discovered they can analyze appliance problems better if they listen to the advice of someone who knows. That's the reason Home Economist Shirley Marwells teaches classes for servicemen from the woman's point of view. Servicemen, such as Donald L. Brechblet of Parma, Ohio study the proper care and use of gas appliances so they can better serve nearly two million retail customers in seven states. The instruction takes place at the Columbia Gas System Service Corporation's Customer Service Training Center in Marble Cliff, Ohio.

Trained servicemen with the woman's point of view go a long way toward solving home makers' problems. And they are just another, I the many services available from the company which provides you with the dependable modern energy-natural gas.

〔图〕gasighi\n 〔图〕£-----hite pw\n

Redece Winter Payments—Use Monthly Budget Plan

You have the opportunity this month to join the growing number of gas company customers who ease the strain of winter heating bills by using the Monthly Budget Payment Plan.

Instead of paying about two thirds of your total annual gas bili during the four coldest months, you can reduce winter payments sub-siantality by arranging to pay the same amount for gas service all year, winter and summer.

Your gas company projects your gas usage for the coming year-based on past charges-divides by 12, and calculates your monthly payment to the nearest dollar. Each account is reviewed in April. If there have been abnormal weather conditions, your monthly payments re adjusted accordingly.

It is simple to join or to continue at a member. Begin now by paying the budget amount indicated on the accompanying bill.

1

Betty Newton's Notes

Tip to the housewives: This mouth's Gaslight recipe for "Superb Potato Salad" sounds so delicious you won't have any trouble getting your husband to peel the potatoes. The salad is bound to be superb.

SUPER POTATO SALAD

1. envalope

(1) tablenpoon

unflwared gelal

in cup cold water

1 cup bolling wine

1. cup lemon juice

1. Labimplons viga

1. transpoon salt.

1. cup whipping cream, whisoned.

1. cup mayou.nake

1. hard cooked eggs, chopped

1. Cups died cooked potential

1 cup dicred salary 1

7- cup ocard green pepp 5- min: dead, ocard-old

71 cup once primlenio

10 cup chopped anion.

1% cup cropped parley 1% terpons salt. 1

· stuffed green above, slow.

Soften gelulin in cold water; add bottling water and stir until dissolved. Set in lemon juice, sugar, and salt. Chill in refrigerator until mixture is pamlity set. Fold whipped cream into mayonnate. Combine remaining ingredients, except olvets, and fold into whipped cream and mayonnate mixture. Fold potato mixture into partially set gelinin. Four into olled 6/5-cup mold. Chill until fine. Unmoid and garnish with olves. Makes 8 to 10 services.

September 71

Happiness In the Kitchen: Cooking with Gas-Ho Oven Cleaning | 101

〔图〕插图 Creative cooking is fun, when you have a modern gas range that's easy to clean. Gas helps you prepare a meal that looks like you've naved over it, but you really haven't. Just about all you have to do knowways is set the controls properly. Then you can do something to'se, while your meal too's perfectly and automatically.

The best part, of course, is that you don't have to clean the oven an, more. Gas does it better than you can... auto naturally, economically and faster, too.

A modern gas tanger is for people who love to out and who love to cook without having to clean the oven. Gas is the clean energy for a cleaner world. You can find out more about modern gas tanges from 2 our gas company of appliance dealer.

COLUMBIA GAS RYSTSM

"For clean, modern, dependable energy - $\frac{1}{3}$"

〔图〕插图

Good Maintenance Habits

Everyono's Respensibility

Maintenance is something we can't leave up to the other fellow. Each of us must "do our own thing." Take natural gas, for instance. This form of energy is something we often take for granted because gas service is in dependable the year round. But natural gas, and the gas appliances in our homes, should be treated with respect and care. That's why it's important to keep everything clean-burners and controls on for nacs, was it no floor heaters and appliances. Especially important, he sure in keep an eye in the furnace filter, it needs to be cleaned or my�as ed perutically. It's up to you to practice need home maintenance habits all year long. In you have questions about the Gas appliances in your home, just call your gas company. Ties If know what to do about them.

〔图〕mbet 71gasight\n

New Plant to Produce Gas in Supply Building Program

As part of its diversified program to expand gas delivery capacity, Columbia has announced plans for a $35 million plant to convert imported petroleum liquids into pipeline quality gas. The plant, to be built in Ohio, it expected to begin operating by mid 1973. Though more costly than gas from conventional wells, supplies from the plant will be needed to support present supply sources in meeting sharp rising demands from customers for clean-burning gas.

Betty Newton's Notes

Belly Hewton offers a change of pace recipe for Gaslight readers this month. You can make "Studied Zucctini Squash" the highlight of your meal the next time you have dinner guests. Meanwhile, why not please your family with it

STUHED ZUCCHINI SQUASK

· 5 medium-1-1

〔图〕NXA\n

1. eungs soft bread

10000

To cup k�ied.

Ramelani CheFe

1. Stahonion, mined

1. Tableups

mules

1. Itesoon sali

"A transoon propen

I can be as

1. table_�_2002. but_1919.

of marganite Bampan-bain

〔图〕插图 Wash zucchini; cut off ends; don't per. Cook in bowing salted water 5 min, zies, Halse, length,�1, remove, pulp with spion; combine with broad crumbs, cheese, dusion, part; key, salt, pepper and eggs. Fili zucchini shells; dot with butter, spinkle with additional Parmesan, cheese. Bike in gas over at 350 dings, free for 30 minutes. States 6 sessions.

July 72

〔图〕插图

Efficiency In Home Heating

Helps Reserve Natural Gas

You can conserve natural gas and save money by getting all the heat possible from every cubic foot of natural gas you buy.

You, home may be heated with an obsolete gas unit or with a gas burner in a converted coal furnace. Either may have served you faithfully through many winters. But major improvements in gas equipment performance and efficiency have been made in recent years.

Replacement of your present gas-filled heating plant with a new, compact gas-designed turnace may save floor space. Improve your heating results and decrease your gas consumption.

It is necessary to conserve the use of; this Important natural resource.

You owe it to yourself to have a heating contractor. Inspect your gas healing system this summer so that appropriate improvements can be made before cool weather arrives this fall.

〔图〕-lor cheon, moden, dependable enegy-12/723-\n 〔图〕L213--LL-----\n

Support Legislation Needed

To Encourage Exploration

Congress now has before it two bills that can help significantly to encourage the drilling programs needed to develop new gas supplies.

These measures (H.R. 2513 and S. 2467), known as the Sanctity of Contract Bills, will: 1) set more realistic standards for determining gas prices; and 2) assure gas producers that approved contract prices and other economic terms of contracts will not later be changed by the Federal Power Commission.

Passage of these bills before the present Congress adjourns can help reversa a four-year decline in exploratory well drilling by giving producers the economic incentive to invest in coasty and risky thrilling. Write your Senators and Representative today urging them to seek action on these bills, and in this way you can help overcome the energy crisis.

〔图〕goslght\n

Customer's Line Inspection

Part of Safety Procedures

A regular inspection of all customer-owned natural gas service lines is one of the continuing safety procedures of the Columbia Gas System. Gas company Inspectors, using special detectors that enable them to check lines without digging or otherwise. Justuring property, are at work daih throughout Columbia's soven-state operating areas. The special Inspection devices are capable of detecting as little as one part of natural gas in a million parts of air. This service and a similar program to inspect all Albumbalowned lines is a contributing factor to the excellent safety record of the Columbia Gas System which serves more than 1.8 million customers in its retail market area.

〔图〕插图

When Writing Year

Congressance

When writing your Congressman to urge support for such issues as those advocated in Columbia's Action Program to help alleviate the energy supply shortage, here are a few points:

Address your letter to:

The Honorable ______ this or her name!

United States Sensle (or, House of Representatives) Washington, D.C.

Write while an issue is timely, and be specific by naming the exact legislation.

Tell your story in your own words, explain the reasons behind your point of view, and be brief.

Volunteer any genuinely expert knowledge, but avoid threats and promises.

Be police and respectful.

Sign your name and address.

If you do not know the names of the two Seniators from your state and of the Representative from your Congressional district, contact your local newspaper or public library.

Every citizen has the right to write. Your views can and will help determine decisions which may affect your future.

August 72

Betty Newton's Notes

![CRV.LEOTE/wYA4C1 Mos,Aant mak]-ucupdleaption peppertoen ound ting1ppon\n](5/c30bHCsB7t5ziiaOum9G8B/pdf_78ab0cf185284213efdf3845e35acd1e_28976bf52af7f4ec2c96a803645e48797490560193474857/tmp_zip_img/22461fb5-6ef1-4277-a372-1f6bafd513a6.png) Remove fat and outside membrane from meat; know on both�es. Cat ship 3 and 4 such pieces disgionally across the grain, holding the house at 25 degree single so the meat. Combine remaining ingredient and measure study in the mixture for 1 hour. (Nices may be rippled onto stewzno.) Place start a clock on preheated Cat guil. Brol on medium to low setting, about 4 minutes. Turn, brat 3 minutes on other side. Serve immediately. Makes 4 to 6 servings.

〔图〕CSMARAD\n -for class, modern, dependable energy...

〔图〕插图

Think Safety Wica Behe

Commerce In Partumkar

When it comes to safety for school children, you can't repeat rules for safe walking too often. Clases will begin in September for millions of children, many of whom will be attending for the first time.

Motorists should observe school zone restrictions and watch for school safety patrols, made up of students who help their younger friends cross Intersections safely.

Students can help reduce the number of injuries which occur each school year by following the seven "Rules for Safe Walking", recommended by the American Automobile Association and repeated this year for Gaslight readers.

Cross only at crosswalks. Keep to the right to crosswalks:

Refute crossing, look both ways. Be sure the way is clear before you cross.

Cross only on propur signal.

• Watch for turning can.

Never go into the road-way from between parked cars.

Where there is no sidewalk, walk on left side, facing traffic.

• Carry or wear something white at night, to help drivers see you.

gasļgļrt

Example: Actual Use Compared With Monday Budget Formants $$ \frac{1}{1} \text{MonthlyMonthlyMonthlyYearAnnual AmountBudget AdjustmentKey$ 1.64$ 1.00September1.5418.00October3.2418.00In�wab10.9118.00Year27.6418.00Monthly24.1618.00Monthly33.2218.00March24.5118.00PMI20.4318.00Key79.2618.00Year11.8116.00Year6.7816.34Year121.02211.53

Each Year Water Payments - Uno Muchy Budget Plan

Many gas company customers take advantage of the Monthly Budget Payment Plan to easy the strain of paying winter heasting bills. You, too, can reduce your winter payments by arranging to pay the same amount for gas service the year roundt. Your gas company projects your gas usage based on past charges. Each account is reviewed in April, and adjusted to reflect abnormal weather conditions. It is simple to join. Begin now by paying the budget amount indicated on the enclosed bill. If you have any questions, contact your local gas company office.

Gas In Het Dongrous,

But No House May Be

Like all forms of energy, natural gas must be used properly to assure its safety. Appro�inally four million homes and businesses in Columbia's seven-state service area use natural gas with confidence. Normal safety precautions by you and by your gas company help keep it that way.

〔图〕電\n Your senses can help you discover a gas leak should one occur. A distinctive odor has been added to natural gas so that even a trace of gas in the air can be detected. The oder

disappears as the gas it burned. So, if you smell a "gas odot," you may have a leak. Just call your gas company and say: "I smell gas at (address)." Then describe what you observe. In elrome cases, you may want to leave the remises and report from a nearby telephone.

In any case, an experienced gas company employed will take appropriate steps promptly. Just remebet two things. Natural gas is not dangerous, but its misuse may be. And, if you smell was, call us

YOU AND THE ENLOGY CHINA

How would last shortages affect your way of theop Find (un about the energy but走) and what you can do about it in Columbia's free Hospital—"An Action Program to Help Sains the Energy Crisis," For a dear write:

ACTION PROGRAM

California: Gai Isiton

P.C. Bon 2118.

Cahun, Ohio 435

〔图〕插图

TV Specials Lead Off With Scoopy, Little Drammer Boy

Sroup returns this fall to open a series of set entertaining television specials scheduled on NIC. This season's hroup includes a repeat of the Christmas favourite, "The Little Drumner Buy," to be followed by four new specials. The series is sponsored by gas companies through the American Gas Association.

The days and times are

Newent or 12. $9 p in "Shaway's International Inc. Folgs"

Designer 39, ? 30 p n. - "Heide Drannne Byn - "Lonsa s. 21. B p n. - "The 18 c.e.b.b.e.f. 18. B p n. - "

Telegas 19-8 Kopor - Corret- Westra-Hu Pad-

Shach 11. 49-49-59-59-59-59-59-59-59-59-59-59-59-59-59-59-59-59-59-59-59-59-59-59-59-59-59-59-59-59-59-59-59-59-59-59-59-59-59-59-59-59-59-59-59-59-59-59-59-59-59-59-59-59-5

A0001.17.160pm.© Lpoon-Tho-Rost-S

a house that has no insulation may use as much as $3/2$ times as much heat through the tool as use that has six inches of insulation between the tool matters

Seat Cracks and Services - Use weather stopping or caulk to present crafts and to stop heat been breaking out around doors and windows. Also fill cracks and crev es in the exterior surface of your home, ex- percally under the root

Check your heating system—If pilot light even the follow-insture things on furnace or call your heating service company. Out furnace - showers and mount, if needed. Keep area around furnace clean and uncturived. Be sure all radiators, gells, vents and log-wers are free of obstructions, tuned on and producing he at when furnace is operating. Air leaks in chucack can be reported by using ch�s adhesive tape.

Have furnace inspected - It is advisable to have? Your furnace or other, heating device hadicated and inspected regularly by a heating service company before the heating season, begins. A properly adjusted applance well but less gas.

〔图〕插图 October 72

Betty Newton's Notes

BROILD

HAM DINNEK

1. 1-10. can german proteins salad

1 ham down, 1/1 to

$\frac{2}{3}$ (such buck)

Ahole Clows

1. No 301 can unpecified apus of

hahves, dr.Heh

PrC: brown, sugar, packed.

Place potato salad in broker pan Brot under los llame for 10 minutes. 5 inches from flane. Slash fat un hami size and stud with Claves. Add enough apotot place in brown sugar to make a paste. Place ham size on grad and place grand over potato salad on breles pan. Spread part of glaze on ham size. Turn flame to lugh and brush for 8 minutes. Turn hami size and brush with glaze. Put cheeres in center at aprotahales and place theers around ham dice Brush.astit with glaze. Brot & minutes longer.

〔图〕90\n -for (de a), (Hobim, dypy) vabim dyrigy =

gaslight

Handy Homeowners Can Save Money This Winter

A few moments of your time now following these hints can save you money during the coming winter months. You don't need to be a skilled craftsman, and it were't cost you a great deal of tone or money.

Make your own storea, when you, your home does not have storm windows you can make your own by tacking, when you tap, clear a star to the inside or outside of windows and screen does.

When It's Cold Outside...

〔图〕「\n · When the sun is shining, open blinds and drapes and let the sun help heat the house. Other times, keep window covers, ings closed to reduce heat loss

· Keep fireplate dampers closed when not in use or block the opening with a removeable cover such as plyword or insulating board. Heat rises and an open chimney lets heat escape up the chimney.

· Keep opening and closing $0'$ outside door to a minimum.

· Set the thermostal at the temperature desired and leave at alone. Keep TV sets and table lamps dives from the area of the thermostal. A properly operating finance, well maintain the desired temperature.

· first the coolest indoor temperature at which the house is comfortable. Heating cost increase about 1 per cent for every degree you set your thermostal above 20 degrees.

3

Harry homeowners Can Save Money This Winter

Institute you home... A proper amount of modulation from the $1000 \times 1000$.

1

〔图〕40\n · Keep furniture or other obstructions from in front of heat outlets, especially forced air vents.

· Change or clean your furnace filter several times during the winter. A furnace with a dirty filter cannot operate at maximum efficiency.

· 'Turn off registers and radiators in rooms that aren't being used and keep door closed.

$\blacksquare$ Keep doors to uniated hasmen's, ga- oges and attics closed.

· A gas range of suit not be used to be the kitchen. It was not designed to this purpose.

· Whenever your heating system does not seem to be operating properly, don't you to repair it yourself. Contact your heating service company.

Mareb. 73

Betty Newton's Notes

〔图〕DAYAR\n

SAVORY LAMB STEW

2 taklesunman buller ur margina

1. medlem-sired oman, sliced

b < m> dönd törer

1 small close gafir, loudly clunged.

) medium slåfføren pepper, diced.

. 2 cận bộ để bởu.

Vézése és a

1. is 2 run: 2nd rotates:

1. Écht sIénd enns.

4 cup flour

Melt butter or meragane. Ackl lands and corak over low flame, staring occasionally until burned on all sides. Ackl own, colony, garlic and green pepper; Cook 5 minutes. Add stock or billiam, salt and pepper. Cuvers and rock 15 minutes. Add potuces and carrots. Cook 45 minutes, or until vegetables are in nder. Remove lamb and vegetables. Combine flour and water; blend Add flour mixture in sink or houlton mixture; blend, Cook over low flame, filling constantly until flickered. Add vegetables and lamb. Approximately 6-ings.

〔图〕OLUMBIA GAS SYSTEM\n For clean, motion, dependable energy- 73/331

Columbia a Gulf Transmission Company, a Columbia Gas System subsidiary, transports approximately half of the System's Southwest supply. Other supplies from that areas are transported by five major non-affiliated transmission lines under long-term supply contracts.

The SouthWestern Gas moves by baseline through Louisiana Mississippi, Tennessee and Kentucky to the West Virginia barded where it is delivered to Columbia Gas Transmission Corporation, which on turn transports the gas to Columbia's seven-state marketing area.

The changes in Columbia's organization structure primarily affect the local distribution companies which deliver the gas to your home. Beginning April 1, all Columbia distribution companies will be managed from Columbus, Ohio, but there will be no chance in the corporate address.

The more than one million Columbia customers living in China, of course, are accustomed to having the headquarters of their local gas company located in Columbus, Columbia Gas companies, serving Pennsylvania, New York and Maryland have been headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pa, and those serving West Virginia, Virginia, and Kentucky have been headquartered in Charleston, W. Va.

The instructuring is necessary to improve the efficiency of the Columbia System in a period of rapidly changing business conditions and using operating

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Colombia Gas by Wll Reorganiza

THE COLUEABIA GAS SYSTEM, one of the naturen's largest natural gas systems, is changing its organizational structure, but the changes will in no vray adjurently affect the reliable supply of natural gas, the quality of service, at the personal concern for each customer's energy needs.

The Columbia System directly or indirectly serves some four million customers, or almost 10 per cent of all gas customers in the United States. The Systems is made up of the parent company, a service company and 17 operating subsidiaries. It engages in natural gas exploration, production, purchase, storage, transmission, research, and retail and wholesale sales.

Approximately 90 per cent of the Columbia System's yearly supply of more than 1,4 trillion cubic feet of natural gas comes from the Southwest. The remaining gas -- slightly more than 10 per cent — comes from the Appalachian area.

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cost. The utilization of electronic data processing facilities and modern con-enuations equipment makes possible a degree of customer record centralization not previously attainable or economically feasible.

IN A SIMILAR MOVE, headquarters for Columbia Gas Transmission Corporation, which conducts production, transmission and storage operations for the Columbia Systems in the Appalachian area, will be centered in Charleston, West Virginia.

Washington, Delaware will continue to be the headquarters for the Columbia Gas System, Columbia Gas System Service Corporation, and the three System companies primarily responsible for developing new gas supplies.

Columbia's goal is a more effective management organization dedicated to supplying the natural gas needs of four million customers at wholesale or retail from western Ohio to the Atlantic coast.

Call Us Before You Dig

OURATORS OF evavation and ditching equipment occasionally dig up a natural gas pipeline. If you have worked during on your property that involves digging, check first with the gas company to be sure of the gas line's location. With your compensation, we can keep your gas service safe and dependable.

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July 71

Betty Newt'm's Notes

ZESTY ROAST CERN

〔图〕.\n u to 10 ears sweet com

1. cup butter or margarine, softened.
2. tablespoons prepared mustard.

2 teaspoons prepar

Ve teaspoon pepper

Husk corn and remove silk. Combine butter, mustard, horserachish, salt and pepper. Spread half of butter mixture on ears of corn. Wrap each car loosely in heavy duty aluminum toll, sealing carefully. Place wrapped ears on pre-heated Gas grill and roast, using high flame, for $20 to 35 minutes. Turn occasionally. Serve with remaining butter mixture. Serves 4 to 6.

〔图〕LUMIAAABYTEMran,moern,dependaeergy-c\n 〔图〕插图

Don't Wait Until Winter To Check Hating System

We all know hot summer days is the time for vacations, a cooling dip on the pool, frosty lemonade and an ice cream sundade. We also know it is hard to think about next winner's problem when the temperature is close to 100 degrees outside.

But what better time? The next month or two actually is the time to get ready for winter, especially if you had any particular heating problem last winter. Any heating system needs regular inspection and maintenance. The time to do something about it is when you aren't using it. That's now.

Economical Mean Plans

Recent increases on food prices have intensified public concern and interest in economical menu planning. The Extension Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture prepares menus based on best buys offered by local markets. Copies of these menus are available free to consumers upon request from Service, Room 541-A; Office of Communications, USDA, Washington, DC 20250.

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Would You Prefer to Spread Your Winter Hunting Costs Over the Entire Y

?

Again this year Columbia Gas is offering its customers the opportunity to join its popular Budget Payment Plan and spread their cost of gas service evenly over a 12-month period.

Surveys show that the average house- hold uses about two-thirds of its around gas consumption during the four colles winter months. These high hills can serve- tunes put a strain on the family builders.

Many thousands of out customers have already discovered the advantages of planning ahead and of casing the strain of high winter gas bills by paying the same amount for gas service each month.

Next month, Columbia will offer you the opportunity to join the Budget Payment Plan full details will be included in your next gas bill. It's easy to join. You's reply pay the figure marked "Budget Amount" on your next gas bill.

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Women Join Backs of Butter Readers for Gats Company

More and more women are competently handling jobs which once were consid- eled strictly for more. Your gas company, for example, has women engaged in dis- patching, electronic data processing managing, and local accounting supervising.

The latest endeaver capable handled by women employees is that of meter reading. The first woman meter readers, Mrs. Belly Ford, of Ohio, was a telephone contact clerk for the Service Department in Columbus when the meter reading opening was announced. She applied and got the job.

The meter reader opening as a part of the company's program to assure equal opportunity in all areas. It is the comp- pany's pulcy to recruit and employ qual- fied personnel, and to provide equal opportunity for advancement of em- ployees, including upgrading, promotion and training -- all without disc-rination as to race, color, religion, national origin of sex.

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October. 13

Betty Newton's Notes

PUMPKIN BALS

3/4 cup silted flow. 3/4 teaspoon salt 1/2 teaspoon baking soda. 1/2 teaspoon nummeg. 1/2 teaspoon ginger. 1/2 teaspoon��cinnamon. 2 eags. 1 cup brown sugar. 1/4 cup salad oil. 1/2 cup minced dates. 1/2 cup chopped nuts. 2/3 cup canned pumpkin.

〔图〕$$ \emptyset $$\n Mix and soft floor, salt, soda and spiren. Best egg. Add susire gradually and beat well. Add oil, dates, num, and mix. Add silted ingredients, alternatively worth pumpman to egg. mixture, missing, just enough to keep the batter, smooth. Pour into a gresed pan (9° x 9° x 2°). Bake as a prehetated gas over 44.350�. Ducites for 30 minutes. Cool 5 minutes, remove from pan and cool on cooling rack. Frost with confections' sugar frosting.

CONFECTIONERS' SUGAR FROSTING

1-1/2 cups sifted confectioners' sugar 1-1/2 lablespoons melted butter 1-1/2 lablespoons milk

1-1/2 waspoons vanhla extract

Comous ingredients. Third 2-2/3 doren, : - Resorme, las ... as

〔图〕©2018M31A\n for clean, modern, unperable in-y-

2. 10.24.

problems in construction, design or performance in pas aphannes, then deals manufacturers so that corrective measures can be taken.

The program specify ferrets out problem areas. Often problems can be spatted and manufacturers notified while the particular appliance model is on the assembly line and in time to make modifications and adjustments there as well as in models already installed in customer homes.

Columbia is cooperating in GAIN because we want to be certain that when you replace your present gas appliance with a new one it will conserve fuel, save you money, and be the best-working appliance you ever purchased.

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If you will gas...

Call the Gas Company!

This can hardly be said too often. Under normal circumstances, natural as is one of the safest forms of energy. As should a leak develop a dangerous condition exists that must be corrected.

As it comes from the earth, natural gas is odorless. So we put in an odorant that will tell you gas is in the air. If you smell a "gas odor," call the Gas Company right away. If the odor is very strong you may want to vacate the premiess immediately, leaving the door open and call from a nearby phone.

Don't hesitate. If you small gas, let us know at once.

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BANI: It Works For You

Columbia Gas is helping make sure you get then most efficient gas appliances possible.

Our company is cooperating with the American Gas Association, the Gas Appliance Manufacturers' Association and 50 other gas companies across the nation in a program known as GAIN (Gas Appliance Improvement Network) that is designed to provide better consumer service and protection.

GAIN utilizes information obtained during gas company service calls to pinpoint

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〔图〕插图 MEET A GASMAN

California Employee Because

Clown to Make Others Langh

Ron Cuiberson, Columbia Gas employee (ahovel, believes that by helping others you help yourself. He practices what he preaches by being a Shrine clown for Aladdin Temple—a philanthropic organization... in of Masons dedicated to providing medical care and facilities for crippled or s:vately burned children. "It's a marreous feeling of satisfaction to make people, especially children, happy—to make them laugh," he said. "It can't help but make the world a better place in which to live."

END DATE ILME 26-7 NTIS